Exam
Name___________________________________
 
SHORT ANSWER.  Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 

Figure 1.1

Using Figure 1.1, identify the following 
1) 

Label A points to the __________ cavity. 

1)  

_____________ 
Answer  

cranial 
Diff 1 

Page Ref 17 

 
2) 

Label B points to the __________ cavity. 

2)  

_____________ 
Answer  

spinal 
Diff 1 

Page Ref 17 

 
3) 

Label C points to the __________ cavity. 

3)  

_____________ 
Answer  

thoracic 
Diff 1 

Page Ref 17 

 
4) 

Label D points to the __________. 

4)  

_____________ 
Answer  

diaphragm 
Diff 1 

Page Ref 17 

 
5) 

Label E points to the __________ cavity. 

5)  

_____________ 
Answer  

abdominal 
Diff 1 

Page Ref 17 

 
6) 

Label F points to the __________ cavity. 

6)  

_____________ 
Answer  

pelvic 
Diff 1 

Page Ref 17 

 
Fill in the blank or provide a short answer 
7) 

Groups of cells that have a common function are termed __________.		 

7)  

_____________ 
Answer  

tissues 
Diff 1 

Page Ref 2 

 
8) 

The larynx is an organ of the __________ system. 

8)  

_____________ 
Answer  

respiratory 
Diff 1 

Page Ref 7 

 
9) 

The system that functions in the storage of minerals, such as calcium, is called the __________ system. 

9)  

_____________ 
Answer  

skeletal  
Diff 1 

Page Ref 4 

 
10) 

The breakdown of ingested foods into simple molecules that can then be absorbed into the bloodstream is termed __________. 

10)  

_____________ 
Answer  

digestion 
Diff 8 

Page Ref 8 

 
11) 

The force exerted on the surface of the body by the weight of air is termed __________. 

11)  

_____________ 
Answer  

atmospheric pressure 
Diff 1 

Page Ref 9 

 
12) 

The ability to sense changes and react to them is termed __________ or __________. 

12)  

_____________ 
Answer  

irritability; responsiveness 
Diff 1 

Page Ref 8 

 
13) 

The component of a control system that provides the means for the control center's response (output) is called the __________. 

13)  

_____________ 
Answer  

effector 
Diff 1 

Page Ref 11 

 
14) 

Information travels from the receptor to the control center via the __________ pathway. 

14)  

_____________ 
Answer  

afferent 
Diff 1 

Page Ref 10 

 
15) 

A control mechanism that responds to a stimulus by decreasing its intensity is called a __________ mechanism.  

15)  

_____________ 
Answer  

negative feedback  
Diff 1 

Page Ref 11 

 
16) 

The body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions is referred to as __________.  

16)  

_____________ 
Answer  

homeostasis  
Diff 1 

Page Ref 9 

 
17) 

The arms are __________ to the chest. 

17)  

_____________ 
Answer  

lateral 
Diff 1 

Page Ref 14 

 
18) 

The armpit area is called the __________ region.   

18)  

_____________ 
Answer  

axillary  
Diff 1 

Page Ref 13 

 
19) 

A cut that is made along the horizontal plane is called a __________ section. 

19)  

_____________ 
Answer  

transverse or cross 
Diff 1 

Page Ref 17 

 
20) 

The central region of the thoracic cavity containing the heart is called the __________.  

20)  

_____________ 
Answer  

mediastinum  
Diff 1 

Page Ref 18 

 
21) 

The right and left iliac (inguinal) regions are lateral to the __________ region. 

21)  

_____________ 
Answer  

hypogastric 
Diff 2 

Page Ref 18 

 
22) 

The cranial and spinal cavities are subdivisions of the __________ cavity.  

22)  

_____________ 
Answer  

dorsal  
Diff 1 

Page Ref 17 

 
MULTIPLE CHOICE.  Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 
23) 

The study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts is called 

23) 

______ 
A) 

anatomy 
B) 

physiology 
C) 

homeostasis 
D) 

negative feedback 
E) 

irritability	 
Answer  

A 
Diff 1 

Page Ref 2 

 
24) 

Which of the following activities represents physiological studies 

24) 

______ 
A) 

making a section through the heart to observe its interior 
B) 

examining the surface of a bone		 
C) 

viewing muscle tissue through a microscope 
D) 

drawing blood from laboratory animals to determine their blood sugar levels 
E) 

observing the parts of a reproducing cell 
Answer  

D 
Diff 2 

Page Ref 2 

 
25) 

Which of the following is the correct sequence, going from simplest to most complex, in the levels of structural organization of the human body 

25) 

______ 
A) 

chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level 
B) 

chemical level, tissue level, cellular level, organ system level, organ level, organismal level 
C) 

cellular level, chemical level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level 
D) 

cellular level, tissue level, chemical level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level 
E) 

cellular level, chemical level, tissue level, organ system level, organismal level, organ level 
Answer  

A 
Diff 3 

Page Ref 2-3 

 
26) 

The smallest living unit of all living things is 

26) 

______ 
A) 

an organ 
B) 

a tissue 
C) 

a molecule 
D) 

the organism 
E) 

a cell 
Answer  

E 
Diff 1 

Page Ref 2 

 
27) 

The lymphatic system 

27) 

______ 
A) 

responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands 
B) 

picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood 
C) 

synthesizes vitamin D 
D) 

produces heat 
E) 

secretes hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells 
Answer  

B 
Diff 2 

Page Ref 4 

 
28) 

The system that regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood is the 

28) 

______ 
A) 

respiratory system 
B) 

cardiovascular system 
C) 

reproductive system 
D) 

muscular system 
E) 

urinary system 
Answer  

E 
Diff 2 

Page Ref 6; 7 

 
29) 

Hematopoeisis is the function of the 

29) 

______ 
A) 

integumentary system 
B) 

skeletal system 
C) 

nervous system 
D) 

endocrine system 
E) 

digestive system 
Answer  

B 
Diff 2 

Page Ref 4 

 
30) 

The muscular system consists of the  

30) 

______ 
A) 

skeletal muscles  
B) 

muscles of the heart  
C) 

muscles in the walls of hollow organs  
D) 

skeletal muscles and the muscles of the heart  
E) 

muscles of the heart and those in the walls of the hollow organs  
Answer  

A 
Diff 1 

Page Ref 4 

 
31) 

The ovary is part of which of the following two systems 

31) 

______ 
A) 

digestive and endocrine systems 
B) 

digestive and respiratory systems 
C) 

reproductive and endocrine systems  
D) 

reproductive and respiratory systems 
E) 

endocrine and respiratory systems 
Answer  

C 
Diff 2 

Page Ref 6; 7 

 
32) 

The structure that delivers digestive enzymes to the small intestine is/are the 

32) 

______ 
A) 

liver  
B) 

adrenal glands  
C) 

pancreas  
D) 

pharynx  
E) 

lymphoid organs  
Answer  

C 
Diff 2 

Page Ref 7 

 
33) 

Elimination of metabolic wastes from the body is the function of the  

33) 

______ 
A) 

digestive system  
B) 

urinary system  
C) 

respiratory system  
D) 

digestive and urinary systems  
E) 

digestive and respiratory systems 
Answer  

B 
Diff 3 

Page Ref 8-9 

 
34) 

Which of the following is NOT a necessary life function 

34) 

______ 
A) 

maintaining boundaries 
B) 

movement 
C) 

responsiveness 
D) 

nutrients 
E) 

metabolism 
Answer  

D 
Diff 2 

Page Ref 7-9 

 
35) 

Which of the following systems is matched most accurately to the life function it provides 

35) 

______ 
A) 

integumentary system - movement 
B) 

nervous system - excretion 
C) 

muscular system - maintaining boundaries 
D) 

nervous system - responsiveness 
E) 

respiratory system - digestion 
Answer  

D 
Diff 1 

Page Ref 4-7 

 
36) 

The survival need that is required in order to release energy from foods is 

36) 

______ 
A) 

nutrients 
B) 

water 
C) 

atmospheric pressure 
D) 

oxygen 
E) 

constant body temperature 
Answer  

D 
Diff 1 

Page Ref 9 

 
37) 

Which of the following is the correct order of elements in a control system 

37) 

______ 
A) 

receptor, stimulus, afferent pathway, control center, efferent pathway, effector, response 
B) 

receptor, stimulus, efferent pathway, control center, afferent pathway, effector, response 
C) 

effector, stimulus, efferent pathway, control center, afferent pathway, receptor, response 
D) 

stimulus, receptor, afferent pathway, control center, efferent pathway, effector, response 
E) 

stimulus, receptor, efferent pathway, control center, afferent pathway, effector, response 
Answer  

D 
Diff 3 

Page Ref 10-11 

 
38) 

Which of the following elements of a control system detects a change 

38) 

______ 
A) 

control center 
B) 

stimulus 
C) 

effector 
D) 

receptor 
E) 

efferent pathway 
Answer  

D 
Diff 1 

Page Ref 10 

 
39) 

Negative feedback systems 

39) 

______ 
A) 

regulate heart and breathing rates  
B) 

operate in such a way that the initial stimulus is enhanced and increases  
C) 

operate in such a way that the initial stimulus is shut off or reduced  
D) 

regulate heart and breathing rates, and operate in such a way that the initial stimulus is enhanced and increases  
E) 

regulate heart and breathing rates, and operate in such a way that the initial stimulus is shut off or reduced  
Answer  

C 
Diff 2 

Page Ref 11 

 
40) 

Your body thermostat is located in a part of the brain called the hypothalamus. Which of the following elements of a control system does this area in the brain represent 

40) 

______ 
A) 

control center 
B) 

stimulus 
C) 

effector 
D) 

efferent pathway 
E) 

afferent pathway 
Answer  

A 
Diff 2 

Page Ref 11 

 
41) 

In anatomical position 

41) 

______ 
A) 

the body is erect with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing backward 
B) 

the body is erect with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward 
C) 

the body is laying face up with the feet parallel and the arms at the sides with the palms  facing backward 
D) 

the body is laying face down with the feet parallel and the arms at the sides with the palms  facing backward 
E) 

the body is laying face up with the feet parallel and the arms at the sides with the palms  facing forward 
Answer  

B 
Diff 1 

Page Ref 11-12 

 
42) 

Which of the following orientation and directional terms have the same meaning (in humans) 

42) 

______ 
A) 

superior and caudal 
B) 

inferior and cranial 
C) 

inferior and cephalad 
D) 

anterior and ventral 
E) 

anterior and dorsal 
Answer  

D 
Diff 2 

Page Ref 14 

 
43) 

Which of the following orientation terms have opposite meanings (in humans) 

43) 

______ 
A) 

superficial and proximal 
B) 

superficial and deep 
C) 

medial and distal 
D) 

lateral and distal 
E) 

posterior and intermediate 
Answer  

B 
Diff 2 

Page Ref 14 

 
44) 

Which of the following is an anterior body landmark 

44) 

______ 
A) 

calcaneal region 
B) 

scapular region 
C) 

gluteal region 
D) 

vertebral region 
E) 

antecubital region 
Answer  

E 
Diff 2 

Page Ref 12-13 

 
45) 

Which of the following is a dorsal body landmark 

45) 

______ 
A) 

scapular region 
B) 

sternal region 
C) 

thoracic region 
D) 

patellar region 
E) 

pubic region 
Answer  

A 
Diff 2 

Page Ref 13; 14 

 
46) 

In describing the relationship between the patellar and femoral regions 

46) 

______ 
A) 

the patellar region is superior to the femoral region 
B) 

the patellar region is proximal to the femoral region	 
C) 

the patellar region is distal to the femoral region 
D) 

the patellar region is lateral to the femoral region 
E) 

the patellar region is dorsal to the femoral region 
Answer  

C 
Diff 3 

Page Ref 13; 14 

 
47) 

In describing the relationship of the thoracic and spinal cavities 

47) 

______ 
A) 

the thoracic cavity is superior to the spinal cavity 
B) 

the thoracic cavity is inferior to the spinal cavity 
C) 

the thoracic cavity is proximal to the spinal cavity 
D) 

the thoracic cavity is medial to the spinal cavity 
E) 

the thoracic cavity is ventral to the spinal cavity 
Answer  

E 
Diff 3 

Page Ref 13-14; 17-18 

 
48) 

In describing the relationship of the lungs to the heart 

48) 

______ 
A) 

the lungs are intermediate to the heart 
B) 

the lungs are caudal to the heart 
C) 

the lungs are superficial to the heart 
D) 

the lungs are lateral to the heart 
E) 

the lungs are cephalad to the heart 
Answer  

D 
Diff 3 

Page Ref 13-14; 18-19 

 
49) 

The occipital region is the 

49) 

______ 
A) 

buttock 
B) 

shoulder blade region 
C) 

posterior knee area 
D) 

posterior surface of the head 
E) 

curve of the shoulder 
Answer  

D 
Diff 1 

Page Ref 13 

 
50) 

The region that contains the navel is the 

50) 

______ 
A) 

carpal region 
B) 

umbilical region 
C) 

inguinal region 
D) 

orbital region 
E) 

anterior knee 
Answer  

B 
Diff 1 

Page Ref 13 

 
51) 

Which of the following is NOT a ventral cavity 

51) 

______ 
A) 

thoracic cavity 
B) 

abdominal cavity 
C) 

pelvic cavity 
D) 

spinal cavity 
E) 

oral cavity 
Answer  

D 
Diff 1 

Page Ref 17-18 

 
52) 

Which of the following statements is true regarding the sternal, axillary, and brachial regions 

52) 

______ 
A) 

all of these regions are located on the anterior surface of the body 
B) 

none of these regions are located on the anterior surface of the body 
C) 

only the sternal and axillary regions are anterior 
D) 

only the sternal and brachial regions are anterior 
E) 

only the axillary and brachial regions are anterior 
Answer  

A 
Diff 3 

Page Ref 12-13 

 
53) 

Which of the following statements is true regarding the vertebral, occipital, and buccal regions 

53) 

______ 
A) 

all of these regions are located dorsally 
B) 

none of these regions is located dorsally 
C) 

only the vertebral and occipital regions are located dorsally 
D) 

only the vertebral and buccal regions are located dorsally 
E) 

only the occipital and buccal regions are located dorsally 
Answer  

C 
Diff 3 

Page Ref 12-13 

 
54) 

A section that divides the body on the longitudinal plane into right and left parts is called 

54) 

______ 
A) 

sagittal 

B) 

frontal 

C) 

transverse 

D) 

oblique 

E) 

coronal 
Answer  

A 
Diff 1 

Page Ref 13; 16-17 

 
55) 

Which type of section could be used to separate the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity 

55) 

______ 
A) 

coronal 

B) 

sagittal 

C) 

dorsal 

D) 

ventral 

E) 

transverse 
Answer  

E 
Diff 1 

Page Ref 13; 16-17 

 
56) 

Which ventral cavity subdivision has no bony protection 

56) 

______ 
A) 

thoracic 
B) 

pelvic 
C) 

abdominal 
D) 

cranial 
E) 

spinal 
Answer  

C 
Diff 2 

Page Ref 17-18 

 
57) 

Which of the following is the correct sequence, going from superior to inferior, on the medial abdominal surface 

57) 

______ 
A) 

epigastric region, hypogastric region, umbilical region 
B) 

epigastric region, umbilical region, hypogastric region 
C) 

hypogastric region, epigastric region, umbilical region 
D) 

hypogastric region, umbilical region, epigastric region 
E) 

umbilical region, hypogastric region, epigastric region 
Answer  

B 
Diff 3 

Page Ref 19 

 
58) 

Which of the following is the correct sequence, going from superior to inferior, on the lateral abdominal surface 

58) 

______ 
A) 

iliac region, hypochondriac region, lumbar region 
B) 

iliac region, lumbar region, hypochondriac region 
C) 

lumbar region, iliac region, hypochondriac region 
D) 

lumbar region, hypochondriac region, iliac region 
E) 

hypochondriac region, lumbar region, iliac region 
Answer  

E 
Diff 3 

Page Ref 19 

 
59) 

The ribs are located in the 

59) 

______ 
A) 

right and left iliac regions 
B) 

right and left lumbar regions 
C) 

right and left pubic regions 
D) 

right and left hypochondriac regions 
E) 

right and left inguinal regions 
Answer  

D 
Diff 2 

Page Ref 19 

 
60) 

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the location of the spleen and stomach 

60) 

______ 
A) 

Both of these organs are located in the left upper quadrant. 
B) 

Both of these organs are located in the right upper quadrant. 
C) 

The spleen is located in the left upper quadrant and the stomach is located in the right upper quadrant. 
D) 

The spleen is located in the right upper quadrant and the stomach is located in the left upper quadrant. 
E) 

Both of these organs are located medially. 
Answer  

A 
Diff 3 

Page Ref 19 

 
TRUE/FALSE.  Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 
61) 

The highest level of structural organization in humans is the organ level. 

61) 

______ 
Answer  

True 

False 
Diff 1 

Page Ref 2-3 

 
62) 

The endocrine system is the fast-acting body control system.  

62) 

______ 
Answer  

True 

False 
Diff 1 

Page Ref 4 

 
63) 

The spleen and the tonsils are part of the digestive system. 

63) 

______ 
Answer  

True 

False 
Diff 2 

Page Ref 4-7 

 
64) 

The lymphatic system secretes hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by cells. 

64) 

______ 
Answer  

True 

False 
Diff 1 

Page Ref 4; 6 

 
65) 

Excretion is the process of removing wastes from the body. 

65) 

______ 
Answer  

True 

False 
Diff 1 

Page Ref 8-9 

 
66) 

Most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback reactions. 

66) 

______ 
Answer  

True 

False 
Diff 2 

Page Ref 11 

 
67) 

As body temperature drops below normal, chemical reactions proceed too rapidly and body proteins begin to break down. 

67) 

______ 
Answer  

True 

False 
Diff 2 

Page Ref 9 

 
68) 

The cervical area refers to the genital region.  

68) 

______ 
Answer  

True 

False 
Diff 1 

Page Ref 13 

 
69) 

The heel of the foot constitutes the plantar region.  

69) 

______ 
Answer  

True 

False 
Diff 1 

Page Ref 13 

 
70) 

The term antecubital refers to the armpit. 

70) 

______ 
Answer  

True 

False 
Diff 1 

Page Ref 13 

 
71) 

The hypogastric region is directly superior to the umbilical region. 

71) 

______ 
Answer  

True 

False 
Diff 2 

Page Ref 19 

 
72) 

The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm. 

72) 

______ 
Answer  

True 

False 
Diff 2 

Page Ref 17-18 

 
73) 

The spinal cavity is a ventral body cavity. 

73) 

______ 
Answer  

True 

False 
Diff 2 

Page Ref 17 

 
74) 

The dorsal body cavity is much larger than the ventral body cavity. 

74) 

______ 
Answer  

True 

False 
Diff 3 

Page Ref 17-18 

 
75) 

There is no physical structure that separates the abdominal cavity from the pelvic cavity. 

75) 

______ 
Answer  

True 

False 
Diff 2 

Page Ref 18 

 
MATCHING.  Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1. 
Match the following 
76) 

Inferior 

A) 

away from the body surface 

76) 

______ 
Answer  

G 

B) 

Diff 1 

Page Ref 14 

behind 

77) 

Posterior  

C) 

toward the body surface 

77) 

______ 
Answer  

B 

D) 

Diff 1 

Page Ref 14 

in front of 

78) 

Lateral	 

E) 

close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk 

78) 

______ 
Answer  

F 
Diff 1 

Page Ref 14 

F) 
79) 

Deep 

toward the side 

79) 

______ 
Answer  

A 

G) 

Diff 2 

Page Ref 14 

below 

80) 

Distal 

H) 

toward the midline 

80) 

______ 
Answer  

J 

I) 

Diff 3 

Page Ref 14 

above 

J) 

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk 

 
Match the following 
81) 

Axillary 

A) 

ankle 

81) 

______ 
Answer  

J 

B) 

Diff 1 

Page Ref 13 

navel 

82) 

Tarsal 

C) 

thigh 

82) 

______ 
Answer  

A 

D) 

Diff 1 

Page Ref 13 

anterior body trunk superior to the ribs 

83) 

Coxal 

E) 

lateral part of the leg 

83) 

______ 
Answer  

F 

F) 

Diff 2 

Page Ref 13 

hip 

84) 

Orbital 

G) 

mouth 

84) 

______ 
Answer  

I 

H) 

Diff 2 

Page Ref 13 

area where thigh meets body trunk 

85) 

Inguinal 

I) 

eye area 

85) 

______ 
Answer  

H 

Diff 2 

Page Ref 13 

J) 

armpit 

 
Match the following. 
86) 

Slow-acting body control system  

A) 

digestive system  

86) 

______ 
Answer  

B 

B) 

Diff 1 

Page Ref 4-7 

endocrine system  

87) 

Houses blood cells involved in immunity  

C) 

lymphatic system  

87) 

______ 
Answer  

C 

D) 

Diff 1 

Page Ref 4-7 

respiratory system  

E) 

88) 

Site of hematopoiesis   

skeletal system  

88) 

______ 
Answer  

E 

Diff 1 

Page Ref 4-7 

 
89) 

Regulation of water and electrolytes  

A) 

nervous system  

89) 

______ 
Answer  

C 

B) 

Diff 1 

Page Ref 4-7 

muscular system  

90) 

Heat production  

C) 

urinary system  

90) 

______ 
Answer  

B 

Diff 1 

Page Ref 4-7 

91) 

Responds to stimuli (internal and external)  

91) 

______ 
Answer  

A 
Diff 1 

Page Ref 4-7 

 
ESSAY.  Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 
92) 

Distinguish between anatomy and physiology. 
Answer  

Anatomy is the study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts, and their relationships to one another. Physiology is the study of how the body and its parts work or function. 
Diff 1 

Page Ref 2 

 
93) 

List, and briefly define, the human body's organization levels from smallest to largest. 
Answer  

1. chemical level 
	a. atoms are the basic building blocks of matter
	b. molecules are units formed by atoms combining

2. cellular level cells are the smallest living unit in living organisms

3. tissue level tissues are groupings of cells performing a common function

4. organ level an organ is a structure consisting of two or more tissue types

5. organ system level	an organ system describes a group of organs functioning
		cooperatively for a common purpose	

6. organism level	a human organism consists of all of the organ systems of the 
		body working together to promote healthy functioning 
		(homeostasis)  
Diff 1 

Page Ref 2-3 

 
94) 

List and explain the eight necessary human life functions. 
Answer  

1. Maintenance of boundarieskeeps the internal environment distinct from the external environment;  membranes perform this function at the cellular level and skin performs this function for the organism.
2. Movementincludes a change in the position of the body or the propelling of a substance (such as blood, urine, or food) through the body organs;  constitutes a major role of the muscular system.
3. Responsiveness (irritability)the ability to react to stimuli; constitutes a major role of the nervous system.
4. Metabolismincludes all the chemical reactions that occur within the body's cells.
5. Excretionelimination of carbon dioxide by the lungs and nitrogenous wastes by the kidneys.
6. Digestionthe process of breaking down ingested foodstuffs into simpler molecules that can then be absorbed into the blood for delivery to the body's cells.
7. Growthan increase in size, which is usually accompanied by an increase in the number of cells.
8. Reproductionthe production of new cells for growth and repair, and also the production of offspring. 
Diff 3 

Page Ref 7-9 

 
95) 

List and explain the five survival needs of humans. 
Answer  

1. Nutrientsinclude carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, which are taken in via the diet for energy and cell building.
2. Oxygenrequired to release energy from food.
3. Wateraccounts for over 60% of the body weight, and provides the basis for various body fluids.
4. Appropriate body temperaturewhen too high or too low, physiological activities cease, primarily because molecules are destroyed or become nonfunctional.
5. Appropriate atmospheric pressurethe force exerted on the surface of the body by the weight of air;  is essential for normal operation of the respiratory system and breathing. 
Diff 3 

Page Ref 9 

 
96) 

List and explain the three major body planes and sections. 
Answer  

1. Sagittalcut is made along the longitudinal (lengthwise) plane of the body (or an organ), dividing it into right and left parts.
2. Frontal (coronal)cut is made along the longitudinal (lengthwise) plane of the body (or an organ), dividing it into anterior and posterior parts.
3. Transverse (cross-section)cut is made along the transverse (horizontal) plane, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts. 
Diff 2 

Page Ref 13; 16-17 

 
97) 

Identify the two dorsal body cavities, and state their locations and the organs contained therein. 
Answer  

1.  Cranial cavitythe superior posterior space inside the bony skull that houses the brain.
2.  Spinal cavitythe inferior posterior space inside the bony vertebral column that houses the spinal cord. 
Diff 2 

Page Ref 17 

 
1) 

cranial 

2) 

spinal 

3) 

thoracic 

4) 

diaphragm 

5) 

abdominal 

6) 

pelvic 

7) 

tissues 

8) 

respiratory 

9) 

skeletal  

10) 

digestion 

11) 

atmospheric pressure 

12) 

irritability; responsiveness 

13) 

effector 

14) 

afferent 

15) 

negative feedback  

16) 

homeostasis  

17) 

lateral 

18) 

axillary  

19) 

transverse or cross 

20) 

mediastinum  

21) 

hypogastric 

22) 

dorsal  

23) 

A 

24) 

D 

25) 

A 

26) 

E 

27) 

B 

28) 

E 

29) 

B 

30) 

A 

31) 

C 

32) 

C 

33) 

B 

34) 

D 

35) 

D 

36) 

D 

37) 

D 

38) 

D 

39) 

C 

40) 

A 

41) 

B 

42) 

D 

43) 

B 

44) 

E 

45) 

A 

46) 

C 

47) 

E 

48) 

D 

49) 

D 

50) 

B 

51) 

D 

52) 

A 

53) 

C 

54) 

A 

55) 

E 

56) 

C 

57) 

B 

58) 

E 

59) 

D 

60) 

A 

61) 

FALSE 

62) 

FALSE 

63) 

FALSE 

64) 

FALSE 

65) 

TRUE 

66) 

TRUE 

67) 

FALSE 

68) 

FALSE 

69) 

FALSE 

70) 

FALSE 

71) 

FALSE 

72) 

TRUE 

73) 

FALSE 

74) 

FALSE 

75) 

TRUE 

76) 

G 
77) 

B 
78) 

F 
79) 

A 
80) 

J 

81) 

J 
82) 

A 
83) 

F 
84) 

I 
85) 

H 

86) 

B 
87) 

C 
88) 

E 
89) 

C 
90) 

B 
91) 

A 

92) 

Anatomy is the study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts, and their relationships to one another. Physiology is the study of how the body and its parts work or function. 

93) 

1. chemical level 
	a. atoms are the basic building blocks of matter
	b. molecules are units formed by atoms combining

2. cellular level cells are the smallest living unit in living organisms

3. tissue level tissues are groupings of cells performing a common function

4. organ level an organ is a structure consisting of two or more tissue types

5. organ system level	an organ system describes a group of organs functioning
		cooperatively for a common purpose	

6. organism level	a human organism consists of all of the organ systems of the 
		body working together to promote healthy functioning 
		(homeostasis)  

94) 

1. Maintenance of boundarieskeeps the internal environment distinct from the external environment;  membranes perform this function at the cellular level and skin performs this function for the organism.
2. Movementincludes a change in the position of the body or the propelling of a substance (such as blood, urine, or food) through the body organs;  constitutes a major role of the muscular system.
3. Responsiveness (irritability)the ability to react to stimuli; constitutes a major role of the nervous system.
4. Metabolismincludes all the chemical reactions that occur within the body's cells.
5. Excretionelimination of carbon dioxide by the lungs and nitrogenous wastes by the kidneys.
6. Digestionthe process of breaking down ingested foodstuffs into simpler molecules that can then be absorbed into the blood for delivery to the body's cells.
7. Growthan increase in size, which is usually accompanied by an increase in the number of cells.
8. Reproductionthe production of new cells for growth and repair, and also the production of offspring. 

95) 

1. Nutrientsinclude carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, which are taken in via the diet for energy and cell building.
2. Oxygenrequired to release energy from food.
3. Wateraccounts for over 60% of the body weight, and provides the basis for various body fluids.
4. Appropriate body temperaturewhen too high or too low, physiological activities cease, primarily because molecules are destroyed or become nonfunctional.
5. Appropriate atmospheric pressurethe force exerted on the surface of the body by the weight of air;  is essential for normal operation of the respiratory system and breathing. 

96) 

1. Sagittalcut is made along the longitudinal (lengthwise) plane of the body (or an organ), dividing it into right and left parts.
2. Frontal (coronal)cut is made along the longitudinal (lengthwise) plane of the body (or an organ), dividing it into anterior and posterior parts.
3. Transverse (cross-section)cut is made along the transverse (horizontal) plane, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts. 

97) 

1.  Cranial cavitythe superior posterior space inside the bony skull that houses the brain.
2.  Spinal cavitythe inferior posterior space inside the bony vertebral column that houses the spinal cord.