Exam
Name___________________________________

MULTIPLE CHOICE.  Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 

1) 

Which of the following were cited by college students in a national survey as major impediments to performing well academically? 

1) 

_______ 

A) 

stress, anxiety, and sleep difficulties 

B) 

carrying a too-heavy course load 

C) 

substance abuse 

D) 

repeated strep infections 

2) 

Life expectancy in the early 1900s was largely determined by a person's 

2) 

_______ 

A) 

family history. 

B) 

occupation and location. 

C) 

susceptibility to infectious disease. 

D) 

hygiene habits. 

3) 

Which of the following contributed to increased life expectancy in the early twentieth century? 

3) 

_______ 

A) 

vaccinations and antibiotics 

B) 

more doctors in metropolitan areas 

C) 

advances in genetic testing 

D) 

advances in heart and brain surgery 

4) 

The expected number of years of life remaining at a given age, such as at birth, is known as 

4) 

_______ 

A) 

life expectancy. 

B) 

mortality. 

C) 

population control. 

D) 

morbidity. 

5) 

Paul studies mortality rates in infants of various ethnicities. He studies their 

5) 

_______ 

A) 

accident rates. 

B) 

death rates. 

C) 

illness rates. 

D) 

chronic disease rates. 

6) 

A disease that begins slowly, progresses over a period of time, and may resist treatment is a(n) 

6) 

_______ 

A) 

behavioral disease. 

B) 

hereditary disease. 

C) 

chronic disease. 

D) 

acute disease. 

7) 

Young adults (ages 15-24) are most likely to die from 

7) 

_______ 

A) 

heart disease. 

B) 

accidents. 

C) 

homicide. 

D) 

cancer. 

8) 

The positive aspects of a person's life, such being satisfied with life in general and having positive emotions, determines one's sense of 

8) 

_______ 

A) 

well-being. 

B) 

health. 

C) 

change. 

D) 

progress. 

9) 

Which type of costs are related to higher insurance premiums and increased disability payments due to obesity-related health conditions? 

9) 

_______ 

A) 

indirect medical costs 

B) 

Medicaid costs 

C) 

Medicare costs 

D) 

direct medical costs 

10) 

Overall, the leading cause of death for Americans is 

10) 

______ 

A) 

respiratory disease. 

B) 

cancer. 

C) 

heart disease. 

D) 

accidents. 

11) 

Jane is sedentary and obese. What effect, if any, do these factors have on her health? 

11) 

______ 

A) 

They affect her health only if she has a family history of health problems related to obesity. 

B) 

They affect her physical health only. 

C) 

They impede her progress toward high-level wellness. 

D) 

They affect her physical and emotional health only. 

12) 

The contemporary definition of wellness is 

12) 

______ 

A) 

the achievement of the highest level of health possible in each of several dimensions. 

B) 

living longer than one's parents. 

C) 

the absence of ongoing symptoms or chronic disease. 

D) 

the ability to move about freely without pain. 

13) 

Health and wellness are best described as 

13) 

______ 

A) 

determined by genes. 

B) 

determined by the environment. 

C) 

static. 

D) 

dynamic. 

14) 

Eve is always upset about something, and it seems that she is never really happy. Her mental outlook is likely to adversely affect 

14) 

______ 

A) 

mainly her physical health. 

B) 

mainly her emotional health. 

C) 

all six dimensions of her health. 

D) 

mainly her social health. 

15) 

The six dimensions of health 

15) 

______ 

A) 

interact continuously. 

B) 

seldom influence one another. 

C) 

affect health independently of each other. 

D) 

affect either the mind or the body. 

16) 

The dimension of physical health encompasses the ability to 

16) 

______ 

A) 

protect yourself from hazards in your environment. 

B) 

perform activities of daily living. 

C) 

analyze information. 

D) 

reason objectively. 

17) 

Jill has many friends, is respected by her coworkers, and maintains a great relationship with her boyfriend. Her ability to interact with others is an example of which dimension of health? 

17) 

______ 

A) 

intellectual 

B) 

emotional 

C) 

physical 

D) 

social 

18) 

Emotional health can best be described as being able to 

18) 

______ 

A) 

maintain satisfying interpersonal relationships. 

B) 

adapt to various social situations. 

C) 

feel and express emotions appropriately. 

D) 

think clearly, without emotional influence. 

19) 

Katherine is an energetic, confident student who is not afraid to stand up in front of the class and read her essay aloud. She trusts that even if others don't agree with her point of view, they will still value her as a person and a friend. These traits best demonstrate Katherine's positive 

19) 

______ 

A) 

emotional health. 

B) 

physical health. 

C) 

social health. 

D) 

intellectual health. 

20) 

Spiritual health can best be described as 

20) 

______ 

A) 

holding to religious beliefs learned in childhood. 

B) 

having a sense of meaning and purpose in one's life. 

C) 

establishing and maintaining fulfilling relationships. 

D) 

not as important as other factors to overall wellness. 

21) 

Rafael is committed to his study of ecology and the effects of climate change. Additionally, he tries to show respect for all living things. Which of the following statements best describes Rafael? 

21) 

______ 

A) 

He demonstrates emotional health. 

B) 

He demonstrates spiritual health. 

C) 

He demonstrates intellectual health. 

D) 

He demonstrates social health. 

22) 

The ability to think clearly, analyze information, and use one's mental capacity to meet life's challenges is known as 

22) 

______ 

A) 

emotional health. 

B) 

intellectual health. 

C) 

social health. 

D) 

physical health. 

23) 

Health promotion 

23) 

______ 

A) 

focuses on curing the most prevalent diseases. 

B) 

includes policies, programs, and financial support for initiatives that promote health. 

C) 

refers to fundraising campaigns for health-related organizations. 

D) 

involves social justice efforts aimed at achieving health care for all Americans. 

24) 

Effective health promotion programs 

24) 

______ 

A) 

focus on encouraging behaviors known to support good health. 

B) 

have the most measurable results when implemented in schools. 

C) 

don't attempt to change individual attitudes about health. 

D) 

focus on improving selected negative behaviors. 

25) 

The model of health that is concerned with curing disease affecting a particular tissue or organ is the 

25) 

______ 

A) 

public health model. 

B) 

medical model. 

C) 

surgical model. 

D) 

holistic model. 

26) 

Washing your hands before eating is an example of disease 

26) 

______ 

A) 

screening. 

B) 

intervention. 

C) 

prevention. 

D) 

treatment. 

27) 

The science that views negative health events as resulting from individuals' interactions with their physical or social environment is 

27) 

______ 

A) 

medicine. 

B) 

immunology. 

C) 

disease prevention. 

D) 

public health. 

28) 

Which health model views treating disease through medications and surgery as the surest way to improve health? 

28) 

______ 

A) 

public health model 

B) 

environmental model 

C) 

social model 

D) 

medical model 

29) 

Major public health achievements of the twentieth century include 

29) 

______ 

A) 

pharmaceutical products. 

B) 

workplace safety. 

C) 

mental health counseling. 

D) 

lower birth rates. 

30) 

Education and policies aimed at reducing distracted driving within a given population exemplify  

30) 

______ 

A) 

medical treatment. 

B) 

risk behavior. 

C) 

health disparities. 

D) 

health promotion. 

31) 

Having unprotected sex is considered a 

31) 

______ 

A) 

health disparities. 

B) 

health promotion. 

C) 

medical treatment. 

D) 

risk behavior. 

32) 

The achievement of the highest level of health possible in each of several dimensions is 

32) 

______ 

A) 

recovery. 

B) 

motivation. 

C) 

fitness. 

D) 

wellness. 

33) 

The ever-changing process of achieving individual potential in the physical, social, emotional, intellectual, spiritual, and environmental dimensions is the definition of 

33) 

______ 

A) 

fitness. 

B) 

recovery. 

C) 

health. 

D) 

satisfaction. 

34) 

Because it increases one's susceptibility to negative health outcomes, alcohol abuse is an example of which type of behavior? 

34) 

______ 

A) 

risk 

B) 

predetermined 

C) 

reinforcing 

D) 

influential 

35) 

Healthy People 2020 is a plan designed to 

35) 

______ 

A) 

increase payments to doctors who serve Medicaid and Medicare patients. 

B) 

update FDA regulations on the manufacture and sale of drugs in the United States. 

C) 

extend health insurance coverage to millions more Americans. 

D) 

improve the quality of life and years of life for all Americans. 

36) 

One of the most important goals of Healthy People 2020 is to 

36) 

______ 

A) 

increase the number of public health departments in every state. 

B) 

eliminate health disparities and improve the health of all population groups. 

C) 

reduce health care costs for all Americans. 

D) 

increase funding for research on certain diseases such as cancer and diabetes. 

37) 

The science of epigenetics studies 

37) 

______ 

A) 

how genes influence an individual's behavioral choices. 

B) 

the structure of our genes. 

C) 

patterns of inheritance. 

D) 

how behavioral choices influence our cells' ability to use genes. 

38) 

Beth works part-time as a waitress and receives no health insurance benefits from her employer. She purchased insurance under the Affordable Care Act, but the policy has a $5,000 annual deductible. Beth 

38) 

______ 

A) 

is overinsured. 

B) 

is likely to delay care that she needs. 

C) 

has equitable access to health services. 

D) 

is uninsured. 

39) 

All the following causes of death are linked to modifiable lifestyle behaviors EXCEPT 

39) 

______ 

A) 

diabetes. 

B) 

genetic diseases. 

C) 

heart disease. 

D) 

cancer. 

40) 

Determinants of health are a range of factors in a person's life that 

40) 

______ 

A) 

influence his or her genes. 

B) 

influence his or her response to medical treatment. 

C) 

predispose him or her to a particular set of diseases. 

D) 

influence his or her health status. 

41) 

A sedentary lifestyle, overuse of caffeine, and risky sexual practices are examples of 

41) 

______ 

A) 

nonmodifiable determinants of health. 

B) 

involuntary determinants of health. 

C) 

modifiable determinants of health. 

D) 

voluntary determinants of health. 

42) 

A person's bone structure is an example of a(n) 

42) 

______ 

A) 

epigenetic factor. 

B) 

environmental influence. 

C) 

behavioral choice. 

D) 

nonmodifiable determinant. 

43) 

A trait or behavior that a person can actively control, such as eating habits, is a(n) 

43) 

______ 

A) 

social determinant. 

B) 

biological determinant. 

C) 

environmental influence. 

D) 

modifiable determinant. 

44) 

Differences in cancer mortality among specific populations are an example of 

44) 

______ 

A) 

medical malpractice. 

B) 

biological determinants. 

C) 

health disparities. 

D) 

risk behaviors. 

45) 

Which of the following statements about mindfulness is true? 

45) 

______ 

A) 

Research linking mindfulness to improved health is inconclusive. 

B) 

Mindfulness is a religious practice in which the individual contemplates the divine. 

C) 

An essential component of mindfulness is awareness of oneself and one's environment. 

D) 

The practice of mindfulness emerged in the United States in the 1970s. 

46) 

All of the following are basic mindfulness skills EXCEPT 

46) 

______ 

A) 

acknowledging your disappointment at a poor grade. 

B) 

tuning out a noisy student in the library. 

C) 

acknowledging that you are not perfect. 

D) 

cultivating compassion for a friend with financial problems. 

47) 

Studies associate mindfulness with 

47) 

______ 

A) 

increased blood pressure. 

B) 

improvements in memory. 

C) 

social isolation. 

D) 

increased religious belief. 

48) 

Missy is motivated to lose weight. She has begun taking a 30-minute walk every morning, has worked with a nutrition counselor to design a new diet, and on Monday will begin following new eating plan. According to the transtheoretical model of behavior change, Missy is in a stage of 

48) 

______ 

A) 

precontemplation. 

B) 

action. 

C) 

contemplation. 

D) 

maintenance. 

49) 

According to the transtheoretical model, a person in the precontemplation stage 

49) 

______ 

A) 

is aware of the problem but is greatly afraid of change. 

B) 

is aware of the problem and is making preparations for change. 

C) 

has no current intention to change or believes there is no need to change. 

D) 

is aware of the problem and is already taking action to implement change. 

50) 

An adolescent smoker might think lung cancer happens only to old people. This is an example of which factor of the health belief model? 

50) 

______ 

A) 

perceived barriers 

B) 

perceived seriousness 

C) 

perceived benefits 

D) 

perceived susceptibility 

51) 

An appraisal of the relationship between an object, action, or idea and some attribute related to it is a(n) 

51) 

______ 

A) 

belief. 

B) 

attitude. 

C) 

analysis. 

D) 

motivation. 

52) 

The change model based on three factors (social environment, thoughts and feelings, and behaviors) in interaction with each other is known as the 

52) 

______ 

A) 

social cognitive model. 

B) 

health belief model. 

C) 

transtheoretical model. 

D) 

behavior modification model. 

53) 

Which behavior change model involves six distinct stages and is also known as the stages of change model? 

53) 

______ 

A) 

social cognitive model 

B) 

health belief model 

C) 

transtheoretical model 

D) 

shaping model 

54) 

Which change model was created to illustrate how firmly held ideas affect behavior change? 

54) 

______ 

A) 

health belief model 

B) 

transtheoretical model 

C) 

shaping model 

D) 

social cognitive model 

55) 

To successfully change a behavior, a person must recognize that change is a(n) 

55) 

______ 

A) 

isolated event. 

B) 

stressful situation. 

C) 

chance to wipe out past mistakes. 

D) 

process that occurs in stages. 

56) 

Mindy wants to lose weight. The fact that her parents engage in regular exercise is a(n) 

56) 

______ 

A) 

motivational factor. 

B) 

enabling factor. 

C) 

reinforcing factor. 

D) 

predisposing factor. 

57) 

Jim was successful at meeting his exercise goal and rewarded himself by taking a three-day vacation at a golf resort. This is an example of a 

57) 

______ 

A) 

negative behavior. 

B) 

covert behavior. 

C) 

manipulative behavior. 

D) 

reinforcing behavior. 

58) 

Judy is confident in her ability to meet her weight-loss goal. When she notices herself overeating, she makes a plan and takes action to get her diet back on track. Judy 

58) 

______ 

A) 

exhibits self-efficacy. 

B) 

has self-control. 

C) 

relies on social support. 

D) 

is in a state of readiness to change. 

59) 

Jason is frustrated because he has three projects due at the same time next week and he doesn't believe it's possible to get all three finished. His solution is to forget about the projects and meet up with friends for a night out. Jason has 

59) 

______ 

A) 

self-confidence. 

B) 

an internal locus of control. 

C) 

self-efficacy. 

D) 

an external locus of control. 

60) 

People with an internal locus of control believe that events turn out as they do based on 

60) 

______ 

A) 

fate and luck. 

B) 

their own actions. 

C) 

environmental factors. 

D) 

previous disappointments. 

61) 

Manuela joined a group exercise class. Her instructor, who was formerly inactive and overweight, participates with the class and also shares personal fitness strategies. In class, Manuela tries to emulate her instructor's moves, and she has also become more physically active as part of her daily routine. Which technique is Manuela using to reach her goal of becoming more fit? 

61) 

______ 

A) 

visualization 

B) 

shaping 

C) 

reinforcement 

D) 

modeling 

62) 

Brenda is going on a ski trip over spring break and has 12 weeks to get in shape. She purchased an elliptical trainer and started working out on it for 10 minutes each day. Each week, she will increase her workout by 10 minutes until she can exercise for one hour. If she finds that is too rigorous, she will only add 5 minutes to her workout each week. Which of the following behavior-change techniques is Brenda using to get in shape for her trip? 

62) 

______ 

A) 

self-talk 

B) 

modeling 

C) 

shaping 

D) 

visualization 

63) 

Which of the following is an example of a SMART goal? 

63) 

______ 

A) 

Stop drinking alcohol. 

B) 

Reduce my weekend alcohol consumption from 4 or more drinks per night to no more than 3 drinks per night. 

C) 

Reduce my weekend alcohol consumption from 6 or more drinks per night to 1 drink per night. 

D) 

Drink less alcohol. 

64) 

Which strategy is used by many athletes to visualize the attainment of goals? 

64) 

______ 

A) 

coaching 

B) 

athletic imagery 

C) 

vicarious performance 

D) 

imagined rehearsal 

65) 

Observing a friend's successful attempt to quit smoking and trying some of the same tactics to quit yourself is an example of 

65) 

______ 

A) 

shaping. 

B) 

conforming. 

C) 

envy. 

D) 

modeling. 

66) 

Changing your seat in class to one closer to the front to help change your habit of napping during the lecture is an example of 

66) 

______ 

A) 

situational inducement. 

B) 

negative reinforcement. 

C) 

social reinforcement. 

D) 

an activity reinforcer. 

67) 

Going out for dinner at your favorite restaurant as a reward for finishing a big project is an example of a 

67) 

______ 

A) 

manipulative reinforcer. 

B) 

social reinforcer. 

C) 

consumable reinforcer. 

D) 

possessional reinforcer. 

68) 

Mrs. J. is trying to get her third-grade students to remember to have their homework signed by a parent before bringing it to class. Students who remember every day for a month receive a gift card from a local bookstore. This is an example of a(n) 

68) 

______ 

A) 

consumable reinforcer. 

B) 

manipulative reinforcer. 

C) 

possessional reinforcer. 

D) 

activity reinforcer. 

69) 

The thought, "I don't have enough time!" is an example of 

69) 

______ 

A) 

enabling. 

B) 

shaping. 

C) 

punishment. 

D) 

self-talk. 

70) 

Not allowing yourself to think about stage fright and focusing only on the content of your speech when preparing for a presentation is an example of 

70) 

______ 

A) 

a situational reinforcer. 

B) 

countering. 

C) 

blocking and stopping. 

D) 

positive reinforcement. 

71) 

Once you have identified a target behavior that needs to change, your next step is to 

71) 

______ 

A) 

commit to changing all negative behaviors at the same time. 

B) 

learn more about the behavior, its effects, and possible obstacles. 

C) 

see a counselor to help you work out a plan. 

D) 

consider the possible negative outcomes before proceeding. 

72) 

Which of the following is an essential prerequisite for changing a behavior? 

72) 

______ 

A) 

wanting to change 

B) 

asking friends for advice 

C) 

changing environmental obstacles 

D) 

deciding on several rewards for making the change 

73) 

Based on a recent cholesterol screening, Marlon decided that he has to stop eating so much fast food and get more exercise. Between work and school, his free time is limited, but he is determined to lower his cholesterol level and improve his overall health. The best way for Marlon to stay motivated to improve his diet and work out regularly is to 

73) 

______ 

A) 

set an ambitious goal and chart daily and weekly progress using online tools. 

B) 

depend on his friends to keep him away from his favorite fast-food restaurants. 

C) 

set reasonable short- and long-term goals and reward himself for meeting them. 

D) 

make weekly resolutions for how many times to work out and chastise himself if he hasn't accomplished his planned goal. 

74) 

Support from others to change a behavior is an example of a(n) 

74) 

______ 

A) 

predisposing factor. 

B) 

contributing factor. 

C) 

reinforcing factor. 

D) 

enabling factor. 

75) 

The process of taking small individual steps toward a behavior change goal is 

75) 

______ 

A) 

preparation. 

B) 

shaping. 

C) 

action. 

D) 

journaling. 

76) 

Gavin downloads a new workout song every time he completes his week's exercise goal. This action is an example of 

76) 

______ 

A) 

an intrinsic reward. 

B) 

countering. 

C) 

shaping. 

D) 

positive reinforcement. 

TRUE/FALSE.  Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 

77) 

Health-related quality of life describes the impact of an individual's health on his or her daily functioning. 

77) 

______ 

78) 

Healthy life expectancy is another term for life span. 

78) 

______ 

79) 

The absence of disease or illness is the optimal description of health. 

79) 

______ 

80) 

Emotional health is the same as intellectual health. 

80) 

______ 

81) 

Being able to perform activities of daily living is an aspect of physical health. 

81) 

______ 

82) 

The development of self-esteem is an important part of intellectual health. 

82) 

______ 

83) 

A disabled person can never achieve the highest level of wellness. 

83) 

______ 

84) 

The wellness continuum ranges from a low point of beginning to experience some type of symptom to a high point of optimal health and well-being. 

84) 

______ 

85) 

One of the goals of the Healthy People 2020 public health initiative is to create social and physical environments that promote health. 

85) 

______ 

86) 

Social factors, biology and genetics, individual behavior, health services, and policymaking all combine to determine a person's health status. 

86) 

______ 

87) 

Excessive drug and alcohol consumption and poor sleep habits are the primary modifiable determinants related to chronic diseases. 

87) 

______ 

88) 

Studies associate mindfulness with pain relief. 

88) 

______ 

89) 

Atheists cannot effectively practice mindfulness. 

89) 

______ 

90) 

For a low-income individual without dental insurance, cost can be a perceived barrier to obtaining necessary dental care. 

90) 

______ 

91) 

When trying to drive less aggressively, Bekka observed her family and friends' more careful driving, reflected on what she observed, and changed her driving accordingly. This is an example of the social cognitive model of behavior change. 

91) 

______ 

92) 

The acronym SMART stands for Serious, Measurable, Adaptable, Realistic, and Time-Oriented. 

92) 

______ 

93) 

Define health-related quality of life. 

93) 

______ 

ESSAY.  Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 

94) 

Compare life expectancy and healthy life expectancy. 

95) 

List the six dimensions of health and provide a brief description for each. Briefly describe a plan for improving one dimension of health in your own life. 

96) 

Compare the World Health Organization (WHO) 1947 definition of health and the definition advanced by biologist and philosopher René Dubos in 1968, identifying a key distinction critical to our current understanding of health. 

97) 

Identify the five categories of determinants of health, and give an example of one determinant from each category that might influence our current epidemic of opioid abuse and overdose deaths in the United States. 

98) 

Explain why one of the most popular definitions of mindfulness in contemporary culture is "Keeping your feet in the now." 

99) 

What considerations does the Health Belief Model (HBM) identify as important for an individual who wants to quit smoking? What considerations does the Social Cognitive Model (SCM) identify as important? 

100) 

Think of a health-related behavior you would like to change. List at least three resources that you will use to help you make a plan for change and explain why you selected these resources. 

101) 

How can an individual develop a greater internal locus of control? 

102) 

Jean drinks at least eight cans of soda each day. She knows that she should drink water, but the soda is much more satisfying because she loves its sweet taste. She has decided that she is going to stop drinking so much soda Sunday through Friday; she will reward herself by drinking soda on Saturday, and not making herself drink any water that day. She is confident that by the end of eight weeks, she will successfully overcome her soda habit and learn to like drinking water. Do you think Jean will successfully reach her goal by following her plan? Critique her plan and propose an alternate series of steps for her to follow to achieve her goal. 

 

1) 

A 

2) 

C 

3) 

A 

4) 

A 

5) 

B 

6) 

C 

7) 

B 

8) 

A 

9) 

A 

10) 

C 

11) 

C 

12) 

A 

13) 

D 

14) 

C 

15) 

A 

16) 

B 

17) 

D 

18) 

C 

19) 

A 

20) 

B 

21) 

B 

22) 

B 

23) 

B 

24) 

A 

25) 

B 

26) 

C 

27) 

D 

28) 

D 

29) 

B 

30) 

D 

31) 

D 

32) 

D 

33) 

C 

34) 

A 

35) 

D 

36) 

B 

37) 

D 

38) 

B 

39) 

B 

40) 

D 

41) 

C 

42) 

D 

43) 

D 

44) 

C 

45) 

C 

46) 

B 

47) 

B 

48) 

B 

49) 

C 

50) 

D 

51) 

A 

52) 

A 

53) 

C 

54) 

A 

55) 

D 

56) 

D 

57) 

D 

58) 

A 

59) 

D 

60) 

B 

61) 

D 

62) 

C 

63) 

B 

64) 

D 

65) 

D 

66) 

A 

67) 

C 

68) 

C 

69) 

D 

70) 

C 

71) 

B 

72) 

A 

73) 

C 

74) 

C 

75) 

B 

76) 

D 

77) 

TRUE 

78) 

FALSE 

79) 

FALSE 

80) 

FALSE 

81) 

TRUE 

82) 

FALSE 

83) 

FALSE 

84) 

FALSE 

85) 

TRUE 

86) 

TRUE 

87) 

FALSE 

88) 

TRUE 

89) 

FALSE 

90) 

TRUE 

91) 

TRUE 

92) 

FALSE 

93) 

FALSE 

94) 

Life expectancy refers to the number of years a person at a given age can expect to remain alive. Healthy life expectancy refers to the number of years a person at a given age can expect to live in full health, without chronic diseases or disabilities. 

95) 

• Physical body size and composition, fitness, and susceptibility to disease
• Social ability to maintain satisfying relationships with others
• Intellectual clear thinking, objective reasoning, and responsible decision making
• Emotional ability to both express and control emotions appropriately
• Spiritual having a sense of meaning or purpose
• Environmental understanding the effects of, protecting yourself from, and improving the conditions in your environment 

96) 

Whereas the WHO acknowledged physical, social, and mental dimensions of health, Dubos added spiritual and emotional dimensions. Moreover, whereas the WHO defined health as a state of complete physical, social, and mental well-being, Dubos saw health as a state of fitness resulting from adaptability to one's environment. This concept of adaptability is key to our current understanding of health. 

97) 

The five categories of determinants of health are individual behavior; biology and genetics; social factors; access to health services; and policymaking. Examples will vary, but suggested answers might include individual choice of drug abuse for chronic pain rather than consultation with a physician; biological or genetic factors that increase an individual's susceptibility to drug abuse and/or addiction; social environment in which drug abuse is acceptable; poor access to quality health services; and federal, state, or local policies that limit the availability of drug treatment services or fail to effectively control physician prescription of opioids. 

98) 

An essential component of mindfulness is bringing one's complete attention to the present moment, including thoughts, feelings, and sensations arising from one's environment. 

99) 

The HBM emphasizes the role of an individual's beliefs; namely, beliefs related to the seriousness of the health consequences of smoking, the susceptibility to those consequences, the benefits of quitting, and the barriers to quitting. The HBM also considers cues to action, such as chronic coughing or other symptoms, a lung disease diagnosis in a loved one, or a warning from a healthcare provider about the seriousness of tobacco use. In contrast, the SCM emphasizes the importance of role models in the individual's environment, including people who smoke and people who do not, and the thoughts an individual has regarding the effects of these choices on health. The SCM proposes that the individual regulates his or her behavior as a result of this process of observation and reflection, and that his or her successful behavior change then provides a model for others to observe.  

100) 

Resources may be selected from those listed in the Tech & Health section on page 15, those listed at the end of the chapter, or others that students locate on their own. Responses will vary and should include a well-thought-out explanation of why the resources were selected and how they will be used in planning and carrying out a behavior change. 

101) 

First, a person must acknowledge feelings of disempowerment, a tendency to blame problems on external factors, and a willingness to give up in the face of difficult circumstances. Following the behavior-change steps described in this chapter, from setting SMART goals to countering to changing self-talk, can help the person begin to develop an internal locus of control. 

102) 

Jean is unlikely to reach her goal. Her goal is not specific enough and is probably unrealistic. Also, she is trying to change two behaviors at once reducing her soda intake and increasing her water intake. She should focus on changing one behavior at a time either cut back to a specific number of cans of soda per day or drink a specific amount of water per day. Her reward needs to be more meaningful and less like the behavior she is actually trying to change.