Exam
Name___________________________________
 
SHORT ANSWER.  Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 

Figure 1.1

Using Figure 1.1, match the following cavities 
1) 

Thoracic cavity. 

1)  

_____________ 

 
2) 

Cranial cavity. 

2)  

_____________ 

 
3) 

Abdominal cavity. 

3)  

_____________ 

 
4) 

Vertebral cavity. 

4)  

_____________ 

 

Figure 1.2

Using Figure 1.2, match the following regions 
5) 

Umbilical region. 

5)  

_____________ 

 
6) 

Right hypochondriac. 

6)  

_____________ 

 
7) 

Hypogastric (pubic) region. 

7)  

_____________ 

 
8) 

Epigastric region. 

8)  

_____________ 

 
9) 

Right iliac (inguinal) region. 

9)  

_____________ 

 
MATCHING.  Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1. 
Match the following systems to their functions 
10) 

Directly causes mechanical motion. 

A) 

Muscular 

10) 

______ 

 
11) 

Responds to environmental changes by transmitting electrical impulses. 

A) 

Nervous 

11) 

______ 

12) 

B) 

Integumentary 

12) 

______ 
Provides support and levers for muscles to work on. 

C) 

Skeletal 
13) 

Protects underlying organs from mechanical damage and synthesizes vitamin D. 

13) 

______ 

 
Match the following systems to their functions 
14) 

Controls the body with chemical molecules called hormones. 

A) 

Endocrine 

14) 

______ 

15) 

B) 

Cardiovascular 

15) 

______ 
Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues. 

C) 

Immune 
16) 

Produces antibodies that neutralize foreign substances. 

D) 

16) 

______ 
Lymphatic 

17) 

Removes and filters excess fluid from tissues. 

17) 

______ 

 
Match the following examples of feedback mechanisms 
18) 

Blood glucose levels 

A) 

Positive feedback 

18) 

______ 

19) 

Blood pressure 

B) 

Negative feedback 

19) 

______ 

20) 

Blood clotting 

20) 

______ 

21) 

Delivering a baby 

21) 

______ 

 
Match the following systems and organs 
22) 

Arteries, veins, heart. 

A) 

Cardiovascular 

22) 

______ 

23) 

Trachea, bronchi, alveoli. 

B) 

Digestive 

23) 

______ 

24) 

Adrenal glands, pancreas, pituitary. 

C) 

Respiratory 

24) 

______ 

25) 

Esophagus, large intestine, rectum. 

D) 

Urinary 

25) 

______ 

26) 

Kidneys, bladder, ureters. 

E) 

Endocrine 

26) 

______ 

 
Match the following cavities and organs 
27) 

Stomach. 

A) 

Abdominopelvic 

27) 

______ 

28) 

Heart. 

B) 

Cranial 

28) 

______ 

29) 

Uterus. 

C) 

Thoracic 

29) 

______ 

30) 

Brain. 

30) 

______ 

31) 

Lungs. 

31) 

______ 

 
Match the following regional terms and common terms 
32) 

Arm. 

A) 

Brachial 

32) 

______ 

33) 

Buttock. 

B) 

Gluteal 

33) 

______ 

34) 

Head. 

C) 

Thoracic 

34) 

______ 

35) 

Knee (anterior aspect). 

D) 

Patellar 

35) 

______ 

36) 

Chest. 

E) 

Cephalic 

36) 

______ 

 
Match the regional/directional terms and examples 
37) 

The bridge of the nose is ________ to the left eye. 

A) 

Medial 

37) 

______ 

38) 

B) 

Proximal 

38) 

______ 
The upper arm is ________ to the forearm. 

C) 

Superior 
39) 

The heart is ________ to the stomach. 

D) 

39) 

______ 

Anterior 
40) 

The fingers are ________ to the wrist. 

E) 

40) 

______ 

Distal 
41) 

The stomach is ________ to the spine. 

41) 

______ 

 
TRUE/FALSE.  Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 
42) 

Positive feedback mechanisms tend to increase the original stimulus. 

42) 

______ 

 
43) 

Imaging is useful in discovering obstructed blood supplies in organs and tissues. 

43) 

______ 

 
44) 

The anatomical position means the body is standing at attention with the palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body. 

44) 

______ 

 
45) 

The elbow is proximal to the shoulder. 

45) 

______ 

 
46) 

The serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity wall is called visceral peritoneum. 

46) 

______ 

 
47) 

A major function of serous membranes is to decrease friction. 

47) 

______ 

 
48) 

The right hypochondriac region contains the majority of the stomach. 

48) 

______ 

 
49) 

Lungs carry out an excretory function. 

49) 

______ 

 
50) 

Embryology concerns the structural changes that occur in an individual from conception through old age. 

50) 

______ 

 
51) 

A tissue consists of groups of similar cells that have a common function. 

51) 

______ 

 
52) 

It is important for any organism to maintain its boundaries, so that its internal environment remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it. 

52) 

______ 

 
53) 

Without some sort of negative feedback mechanism, it would be impossible to keep our body chemistry in balance. 

53) 

______ 

 
54) 

Regardless of the variable being regulated, all homeostatic control mechanisms have at least three interdependent components. 

54) 

______ 

 
55) 

The epigastric region is located superior to the umbilical region. 

55) 

______ 

 
MULTIPLE CHOICE.  Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 
56) 

Histology would be best defined as a study of ________. 

56) 

______ 
A) 

the gross structures of the body 

B) 

cell chemistry 
C) 

cells 

D) 

tissues 

 
57) 

The study of the heart may incorporate many aspects of anatomy but as a whole you would say it is __________ anatomy. 

57) 

______ 
A) 

systemic 

B) 

developmental 

C) 

microscopic 

D) 

gross 

 
58) 

An increased rate of breathing as a result of an increased buildup of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream would be best described as an example of ________. 

58) 

______ 
A) 

excretion of metabolic waste 

B) 

responsiveness 
C) 

maintaining boundaries 

D) 

metabolism 

 
59) 

Average body temperature is ________ degrees centigrade. 

59) 

______ 
A) 

47 

B) 

98 

C) 

37 

D) 

68 

 
60) 

If you consider your home air conditioner in terms of homeostasis, then the wall thermostat would be the ________. 

60) 

______ 
A) 

receptor 

B) 

effector 

C) 

control center 

D) 

variable 

 
61) 

What is the main, general purpose of negative feedback? 

61) 

______ 
A) 

to keep the body's sugar high 

B) 

to regulate excretion 
C) 

to maintain homeostasis 

D) 

to control all body system tissues 

 
62) 

What is the specific name for the hip region? 

62) 

______ 
A) 

pedal 

B) 

coxal 

C) 

manus 

D) 

inguinal 

 
63) 

An oblique cut is one that is cut ________. 

63) 

______ 
A) 

diagonally between the vertical and horizontal 
B) 

vertical right and left 
C) 

perpendicular to vertical and horizontal 
D) 

horizontal right and left 

 
64) 

The heart lies in the ________ cavity. 

64) 

______ 
A) 

superior mediastinal 

B) 

pericardial 
C) 

dorsal  

D) 

pleural 

 
65) 

The cavities housing the eyes are called __________ cavities. 

65) 

______ 
A) 

cranial 

B) 

nasal 

C) 

frontal 

D) 

orbital 

 
66) 

A structure that is composed of two or more tissues would be a(n) ________. 

66) 

______ 
A) 

organ 

B) 

complex cell 

C) 

organ system 

D) 

complex tissue 

 
67) 

________ cavities are spaces within joints.	 

67) 

______ 
A) 

Synovial 

B) 

Orbital 

C) 

Oral 

D) 

Nasal 

 
68) 

Which of the following would not be a functional characteristic of life? 

68) 

______ 
A) 

movement 

B) 

decay 
C) 

maintenance of boundaries 

D) 

responsiveness to external stimuli 

 
69) 

Which term means toward or at the back of the body, behind? 

69) 

______ 
A) 

anterior 

B) 

lateral 

C) 

dorsal 

D) 

distal 

 
70) 

The single most abundant chemical substance of the body, accounting for 60% to 80% of body weight, is ________. 

70) 

______ 
A) 

hydrogen 

B) 

protein 

C) 

water 

D) 

oxygen 

 
71) 

What is the posterior side of the patella called? 

71) 

______ 
A) 

antecubital 

B) 

crural 

C) 

sural 

D) 

popliteal 

 
72) 

Which of the following statements is true concerning feedback mechanisms? 

72) 

______ 
A) 

Blood glucose levels are regulated by positive feedback mechanisms. 
B) 

Negative feedback mechanisms work to prevent sudden severe changes within the body. 
C) 

Positive feedback mechanisms always result in excessive damage to the host. 
D) 

Negative feedback mechanisms tend to increase the original stimulus. 

 
73) 

The anatomical position is characterized by all of the following except ________. 

73) 

______ 
A) 

palms turned posteriorly 

B) 

body erect 
C) 

thumbs pointed laterally 

D) 

arms at sides 

 
74) 

A good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be ________. 

74) 

______ 
A) 

regulating glucose levels in the blood 

B) 

enhancement of labor contractions 
C) 

body temperature regulation 

D) 

blood calcium level regulation 

 
75) 

Which of the following describes a parasagittal plane? 

75) 

______ 
A) 

a transverse cut just above the knees 
B) 

any cut dividing the body into anterior and posterior 
C) 

any sagittal plane except the median 
D) 

two cuts dividing the body into left and right halves 

 
76) 

Which of the following organs or structures would be found in the left iliac region? 

76) 

______ 
A) 

appendix 

B) 

intestines 

C) 

liver 

D) 

stomach 

 
77) 

The parietal pleural would represent a serous membrane ________. 

77) 

______ 
A) 

lining the thoracic cavity 

B) 

lining the abdominal cavity 
C) 

covering individual lungs 

D) 

covering the heart 

 
78) 

Which one of the following systems responds to environmental stimuli? 

78) 

______ 
A) 

immune 

B) 

lymphatic 

C) 

nervous 

D) 

muscular 

 
79) 

Choose the anatomical topic and definition that is not correctly matched. 

79) 

______ 
A) 

Cytology  study of the structures in a particular region. 
B) 

Microscopic anatomy  study of structures too small to be seen by the naked eye. 
C) 

Gross anatomy  study of structures visible to the eye. 
D) 

Embryology  study of the changes in an individual from conception to birth. 

 
80) 

Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains ________. 

80) 

______ 
A) 

a dynamic state within an unlimited range 
B) 

the lowest possible energy usage 
C) 

a static state with no deviation from preset points 
D) 

a relatively stable internal environment, within limits 

 
81) 

In which cavities are the lungs located? 

81) 

______ 
A) 

pleural, ventral, and thoracic 

B) 

mediastinum, thoracic, and ventral 
C) 

pericardial, ventral, and thoracic 

D) 

pleural, dorsal, and abdominal 

 
82) 

Choose the following statement that is not completely correct regarding serous membranes. 

82) 

______ 
A) 

Visceral pericardium covers the surface of the heart, and parietal pericardium lines the walls of the heart. 
B) 

Serous membranes are divided into parietal and visceral membranes with a potential space between the two. 
C) 

Serous membranes secrete a watery lubricating fluid. 
D) 

Serosa are very thin, double-layered structures. 

 
83) 

Place the following in correct sequence from simplest to most complex

1.	molecules
2.	atoms
3.	tissues
4.	cells
5.	organ 

83) 

______ 
A) 

2-1-4-3-5 

B) 

1-2-3-4-5 

C) 

2-1-3-4-5 

D) 

1-2-4-3-5 

 
84) 

Which of the following imaging devices would best localize a tumor in a person's brain? 

84) 

______ 
A) 

DSA 

B) 

X ray 

C) 

MRI 

D) 

PET 

 
85) 

Which of these is not part of the dorsal cavity? 

85) 

______ 
A) 

vertebral cavity 

B) 

spinal cord 

C) 

cranial cavity 

D) 

thoracic cavity 

 
86) 

In which abdominopelvic cavity is the stomach located? 

86) 

______ 
A) 

right lower 

B) 

left lower 

C) 

right upper 

D) 

left upper 

 
87) 

Which of the following statements is the most correct regarding homeostatic imbalance? 

87) 

______ 
A) 

It is considered the cause of most diseases. 
B) 

Positive feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed. 
C) 

The internal environment is becoming more stable. 
D) 

Negative feedback mechanisms are functioning normally. 

 
88) 

Subdivisions of anatomy include which of the following? 

88) 

______ 
A) 

gross, regional, systemic, and surface 
B) 

gross, regional, dissection, and surface 
C) 

gross, macroscopic, visual, and microscopic 
D) 

regional, surface, visual, and microscopic 

 
89) 

The term pollex refers to the ________. 

89) 

______ 
A) 

calf 

B) 

thumb 

C) 

fingers 

D) 

great toe 

 
90) 

The dorsal body cavity is the site of which of the following? 

90) 

______ 
A) 

intestines 

B) 

liver 

C) 

lungs 

D) 

brain 

 
91) 

Select the most correct statement. 

91) 

______ 
A) 

Organ systems can be composed of cells or tissues, but not both. 
B) 

The immune system is closely associated with the lymphatic system. 
C) 

Organ systems operate independently of each other to maintain life. 
D) 

The endocrine system is not a true structural organ system. 

 
92) 

One of the functional characteristics of life is irritability. This refers to ________. 

92) 

______ 
A) 

indigestible food residues stimulating the excretory system 
B) 

the necessity for all organisms to reproduce 
C) 

sensing changes in the environment and then reacting or responding to them 
D) 

the nervous system causing all living things to sometimes experience anger 

 
93) 

Which of the following are survival needs of the body? 

93) 

______ 
A) 

water, atmospheric pressure, growth, and movement 
B) 

nutrients, water, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen 
C) 

nutrients, water, growth, and reproduction 
D) 

nutrients, water, movement, and reproduction 

 
94) 

The anatomical position is used ________. 

94) 

______ 
A) 

as the most comfortable way to stand when dissecting a specimen 
B) 

rarely, because people don't usually assume this position 
C) 

only when a body is lying down 
D) 

as a standard reference point for directional terms regardless of the actual position of the body 

 
95) 

What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into left and right, called? 

95) 

______ 
A) 

frontal 

B) 

sagittal 

C) 

regional 

D) 

transverse 

 
96) 

What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior regions called? 

96) 

______ 
A) 

median 

B) 

transverse 

C) 

sagittal 

D) 

frontal 

 
97) 

Which body cavity protects the nervous system? 

97) 

______ 
A) 

vertebral 

B) 

thoracic 

C) 

cranial 

D) 

dorsal 

 
98) 

Which of the following describes the operation of the heart and blood vessels? 

98) 

______ 
A) 

cardiovascular anatomy 

B) 

systemic anatomy	 
C) 

cardiovascular physiology 

D) 

systemic physiology 

 
SHORT ANSWER.  Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 
99) 

Similar cells that have a common function are called ________. 

99)  

_____________ 

 
100) 

What does the “principle of complementarity of structures and function” mean? 

100)  

____________ 

 
101) 

The term that describes the back of the elbow is ________. 

101)  

____________ 

 
102) 

The term that describes the heel region is ________. 

102)  

____________ 

 
103) 

The elbow is ________ to the wrist. 

103)  

____________ 

 
104) 

The ________ cavity contains tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the organ of hearing in the inner ear. 

104)  

____________ 

 
105) 

________ is explained by chemical and physical principles and is concerned with the function of specific organs or organic systems. 

105)  

____________ 

 
106) 

What is a dynamic equilibrium of your internal environment termed? 

106)  

____________ 

 
107) 

Which cavity contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum? 

107)  

____________ 

 
108) 

What is the serous membrane that covers the intestines called? 

108)  

____________ 

 
109) 

________ physiology concerns urine production and kidney function. 

109)  

____________ 

 
110) 

What broad term covers all chemical reactions that occur within the body cells? 

110)  

____________ 

 
111) 

What is the function of the serous membranes? 

111)  

____________ 

 
112) 

Fully describe the anatomical position for the human body. 

112)  

____________ 

 
113) 

What does gross anatomy study? 

113)  

____________ 

 
114) 

Can lungs carry out excretory functions?  Explain your answer. 

114)  

____________ 

 
115) 

The higher we go in the mountains, the greater the atmospheric pressure, which causes a loss of oxygen.  Comment on this statement. 

115)  

____________ 

 
116) 

Why is anatomical terminology necessary? 

116)  

____________ 

 
117) 

The five cavities of the head are cranial, oral, nasal, middle ear, and ________. 

117)  

____________ 

 
118) 

The ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them is called ________. 

118)  

____________ 

 
119) 

What is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body? 

119)  

____________ 

 
120) 

Why must a normal body temperature be maintained in order for chemical reactions to be continued at life-sustaining rates? 

120)  

____________ 

 
121) 

What is the pathway between the receptor and the control center in the reflex pathway called? 

121)  

____________ 

 
122) 

What type of homeostatic feedback reflex is the withdrawal reflex? 

122)  

____________ 

 
123) 

Why are the abdominopelvic cavity organs the most vulnerable in an automobile accident? 

123)  

____________ 

 
124) 

What is the goal of all of the negative feedback mechanisms of the body? 

124)  

____________ 

 
125) 

Which feedback mechanism causes the variable to deviate further and further from its original value or range? 

125)  

____________ 

 
126) 

What can happen when the usual negative feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed and destructive positive feedback mechanisms take over? 

126)  

____________ 

 
127) 

Which body system would be most affected by a lower than normal atmospheric pressure? 

127)  

____________ 

 
ESSAY.  Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 
128) 

A small family was traveling in its van and had a minor accident. The children in the back seats were wearing lap belts, but still sustained numerous bruises about the abdomen, and had some internal organ injuries. Why is this area more vulnerable to damage than others? 

 
129) 

A surgeon removed a section of tissue along a transverse plane for microscopic examination. What two names would the section be called? 

 
130) 

Judy is 16 years old and collapses on the gym floor with severe pain in her chest wall.  She is rushed by ambulance to the emergency room.  Judy is diagnosed with pleurisy and is given an anti-inflammatory through the intravenous route.  Explain why an anti-inflammatory would be prescribed for someone with pleurisy. 

 
131) 

Explain why an 80-year-old woman requires a much longer time to recover from the flu than does a woman who is age 30. 

 
132) 

The nurse charted "Patient has an open wound located on lateral aspect of leg."  Describe where the wound is located. 

 
133) 

The patient was admitted to the hospital with hypertension.  The development of arteriosclerosis has increased peripheral resistance to blood flow, worsening his hypertension.  This is an example of what type of feedback loop and why? 

 
1) 

C 

2) 

A 

3) 

D 

4) 

B 

5) 

C 

6) 

B 

7) 

D 

8) 

A 

9) 

E 

10) 

A 
11) 

A 
12) 

C 
13) 

B 

14) 

A 
15) 

B 
16) 

C 
17) 

D 

18) 

B 
19) 

B 
20) 

A 
21) 

A 

22) 

A 
23) 

C 
24) 

E 
25) 

B 
26) 

D 

27) 

A 
28) 

C 
29) 

A 
30) 

B 
31) 

C 

32) 

A 
33) 

B 
34) 

E 
35) 

D 
36) 

C 

37) 

A 
38) 

B 
39) 

C 
40) 

E 
41) 

D 

42) 

TRUE 

43) 

TRUE 

44) 

TRUE 

45) 

FALSE 

46) 

FALSE 

47) 

TRUE 

48) 

FALSE 

49) 

TRUE 

50) 

FALSE 

51) 

TRUE 

52) 

TRUE 

53) 

TRUE 

54) 

TRUE 

55) 

TRUE 

56) 

D 

57) 

D 

58) 

A 

59) 

C 

60) 

C 

61) 

C 

62) 

B 

63) 

A 

64) 

B 

65) 

D 

66) 

A 

67) 

A 

68) 

B 

69) 

C 

70) 

C 

71) 

D 

72) 

B 

73) 

A 

74) 

B 

75) 

C 

76) 

B 

77) 

A 

78) 

C 

79) 

A 

80) 

D 

81) 

A 

82) 

A 

83) 

A 

84) 

C 

85) 

D 

86) 

D 

87) 

A 

88) 

A 

89) 

B 

90) 

D 

91) 

B 

92) 

C 

93) 

B 

94) 

D 

95) 

B 

96) 

D 

97) 

D 

98) 

A 

99) 

tissues 

100) 

What a structure can do depends on its specific form, or "structure determines function." 

101) 

olecranal 

102) 

calcaneal 

103) 

proximal 

104) 

middle ear 

105) 

Physiology 

106) 

homeostasis 

107) 

pelvic 

108) 

visceral 

109) 

Renal 

110) 

metabolism 

111) 

They act to reduce friction and allow the organs to slide across cavity walls. 

112) 

The body is erect, arms hanging at the sides, palms forward, and thumbs pointed away from the midline. 

113) 

Larger structures of the body that can be seen with the naked eye. 

114) 

Yes, carbon dioxide is a metabolic waste the lungs excrete. 

115) 

The statement is backwardsthe higher we go, the less atmospheric pressure, therefore less oxygen. 

116) 

Anatomical terms are precise words that have limited usage, which prevents confusion when describing the location of body parts. 

117) 

orbital 

118) 

responsiveness or irritability 

119) 

water 

120) 

If body temperature is too low, chemical reactions slow and eventually stop.  If body temperature is too high, chemical reactions speed up and body proteins lose their normal shape, resulting in loss of function. 

121) 

afferent pathway 

122) 

negative 

123) 

The walls of the abdominal cavity are formed only by trunk muscles and are not reinforced by bone.  The pelvic organs receive a somewhat greater degree of protection from the bony pelvis. 

124) 

The goal is to prevent sudden severe changes within the body. 

125) 

positive feedback 

126) 

Homeostatic imbalances increase our risk for illness and produce the changes we associate with aging. 

127) 

respiratory system 

128) 

The abdominal organs are the least protected in the body because they are not surrounded by a bony covering such as the ribs, pelvis, or cranium. 

129) 

A cross section or a transverse section. 

130) 

The pleural space contains a small amount of fluid that acts as a lubricant, allowing the pleurae to slide smoothly over each other as the lungs expand and contract.  Pleurisy is an inflammation of the parietal pleura of the lungs.  When inflammation occurs in the pleural space, the pleurae do not slide smoothly and this causes severe pain. 

131) 

As we age, our body's control systems become less efficient.  As a result, our internal environment becomes less and less stable. 

132) 

The wound is located on the outer side of the leg. 

133) 

Positive feedback loops are common in pathophysiological perpetuation of disease.  For example, arteriosclerotic hypertension results in positive feedback mechanisms that enhance and propagate the initial step in the chain of events, which is hypertension.