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Chapter: Chapter 02: Personality

Multiple Choice

1.  In the story of the blind men and the elephant, presented in your text, the elephant most closely represents ______.
A)  the unconscious
B)  someone's personality
C)  morality
D)  peer pressure

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  Chapter  2 Introduction

2.  The distinct patterns of behavior, thoughts, and feelings that characterize a person's adjustment to the demands of life are known as ______.
A)  attitude
B)  personal orientation
C)  personality
D)  adjustment

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  Chapter  3 Introduction

3.  ______ is the reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguish one person from another.
A)  Personality
B)  A schema
C)  Attitude
D)  Conviction

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  Chapter  3 Introduction

4.  Each psychodynamic theory owes its origins to ______.
A)  Carl Jung
B)  B. F. Skinner
C)  Fritz Perls
D)  Sigmund Freud

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  Module 2.1 - Psychodynamic Theories

5.  Freud's view of personality is ______.
A)  humanistic
B)  behavioral
C)  social-cognitive
D)  psychodynamic

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  Module 2.1 - Psychodynamic Theories

6.  A psychologist believes that personality is the result of an active struggle between various conscious and unconscious forces moving through the mind. This psychologist believes in the ______ model of personality.
A)  psychodynamic
B)  social-cognitive
C)  humanistic
D)  biological

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  Module 2.1 - Psychodynamic Theories

7.  Freud was trained as ______.
A)  a psychologist
B)  a social worker
C)  a physician
D)  a lawyer

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

8.  Freud began his career by specializing in the treatment of ______ problems.
A)  neurological
B)  stress-related
C)  gastro-intestinal
D)  pediatric

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

9.  Freud concluded that the human mind was like ______.
A)  an elephant
B)  an iceberg
C)  seaweed
D)  a computer

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

10.  Freud believed that people are aware of ______ of the ideas and impulses that dwell within their minds.
A)  only a small portion
B)  about half
C)  a great majority
D)  virtually all

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

11.  According to Freud, the region of the mind that pokes through into the light of awareness is the ______.
A)  conscious
B)  semi-conscious
C)  preconscious
D)  unconscious

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

12.  Freud believed that the vast majority of the human mind is in the ______.
A)  conscious
B)  semi-conscious
C)  preconscious
D)  unconscious

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

13.  According to Freud, the part of the mind that is not available to ordinary awareness is the ______.
A)  conscious
B)  semi-conscious
C)  preconscious
D)  unconscious

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

14.  According to Freud, experiences which we are currently unaware but of which we can become aware by focusing on them are located in the ______.
A)  conscious
B)  semi-conscious
C)  preconscious
D)  unconscious

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

15.  According to Freud, biological instincts and urges such as hunger, thirst, sexuality and aggression all originate in the ______.
A)  conscious mind
B)  semi-conscious mind
C)  preconscious mind
D)  unconscious mind

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

16.  The term Freud used to describe "motivated forgetting" or the automatic ejection of anxiety evoking ideas from awareness is ______.
A)  resistance
B)  displacement
C)  repression
D)  sublimation

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

17.  A male survives a life-threatening experience only to find that when it is over, he has no conscious memories of the event. Hypnosis reveals that the memories are buried in his unconscious mind and have been blocked from consciousness. This is an example of what Freud referred to as ______.
A)  suppression
B)  repression
C)  denial
D)  a reaction formation

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

18.  For Freud, the struggle between biological drives and social rules was most fierce in the ______.
A)  conscious
B)  preconscious
C)  semi-conscious
D)  unconscious

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

19.  The method originated by Freud, through which he helped people explore their mind and personality is called ______.
A)  behavior modification
B)  psychoanalysis
C)  self-actualization
D)  cognitive mapping

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

20.  In psychoanalysis, people are prodded to talk about ______.
A)  sexual fantasies
B)  politics
C)  religion
D)  anything that comes to mind

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

21.  According to Freud, the desire to avoid thinking about unpleasant or anxiety-evoking thoughts is called ______.
A)  resistance
B)  repression
C)  sublimation
D)  inhibition

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

22.  ______ make psychoanalysis a tedious process that can last for years, or even decades.
A)  Catharsis and insight
B)  Reflection and self-actualization
C)  Repression and resistance
D)  The libido and identification

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

23.  Freud used psychoanalysis to try and explore the ______ mind.
A)  conscious
B)  semi-conscious
C)  preconscious
D)  unconscious

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

24.  Freud believed that the mind was comprised of ______ psychic structures.
A)  three
B)  four
C)  five
D)  six

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

25.  Which of the following is NOT one of Freud's psychic structures?
A)  the ego
B)  the libido
C)  the id
D)  the superego

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

26.  Freud's psychic structures of personality can ______.
A)  not be seen nor measured directly
B)  be seen, but not measured directly
C)  be measured, but not seen directly
D)  both be seen and measured directly

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

27.  According to Freud, the ONLY psychic structure that is present at birth is ______.
A)  the ego
B)  the libido
C)  the id
D)  the superego

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

28.  For Freud, the Cookie Monster on television's Sesame Street would most closely represent which psychic structure?
A)  the ego
B)  the libido
C)  the superego
D)  the id

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

29.  For Freud, which psychic structure is described as a "chaos, a cauldron of seething excitations," conflicting emotions, and desires for instant gratification of primitive urges?
A)  the ego
B)  the libido
C)  the superego
D)  the id

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

30.  For Freud, the psychic structure that might best represent the “emotional little child” inside you would be the ______.
A)  the ego
B)  the libido
C)  the superego
D)  the id

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

31.  For Freud, instinctual drives such as sex and aggression are contained in the ______.
A)  the ego
B)  the libido
C)  the superego
D)  the id

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

32.  According to Freud, the id is ______.
A)  entirely unconscious
B)  mostly unconscious
C)  mostly conscious
D)  fully conscious

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

33.  According to Freud, the id operates under the ______ principle.
A)  reality
B)  moral
C)  informed consent
D)  pleasure

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

34.  For Freud, the psychic structure that demands instant gratification of instincts without consideration of law, social custom, or the needs of others is the ______.
A)  the ego
B)  the libido
C)  the superego
D)  the id

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

35.  For Freud, the principle that seeks instant gratification of instinctual demands without     regard to social consequences or the needs of others is the ______ principle.
A)  reality principle
B)  pleasure principle
C)  Peter principle
D)  moral principle

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

36.  For Freud, the psychic structure that begins to develop during the first year of life is called the ______.
A)  ego
B)  libido
C)  superego
D)  id

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

37.  According to Freud, the psychic structure that is rational, logical, and makes plans for satisfying basic needs that are in keeping with social convention is the ______.
A)  ego
B)  libido
C)  superego
D)  id

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

38.  According to Freud, the psychic structure that tries to find gratification while avoiding social disapproval is the ______.
A)  the ego
B)  the libido
C)  the superego
D)  the id

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

39.  According to Freud, the ego operates under the ______ principle.
A)  reality
B)  moral
C)  informed consent
D)  pleasure

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

40.  According to Freud, the ego is ______.
A)  fully unconscious
B)  mostly unconscious
C)  mostly conscious
D)  fully conscious

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

41.  According to Freud, a person's conscious sense of self, or self-awareness, is located in the ______.
A)  libido
B)  ego
C)  superego
D)  id

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

42.  According to Freud, the principle that seeks to find socially acceptable ways to meet the instinctive needs of the id is the ______ principle.
A)  reality
B)  pleasure
C)  Peter
D)  moral

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

43.  A college student spends an entire evening trying to logically sort out the pros and cons of a job offer she has just received. According to Freud, the psychic structure responsible for this type of mental activity is the ______.
A)  id
B)  ego
C)  libido
D)  superego

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

44.  According to Freud, the psychic structure that might best represent the rational, planful, thinking “adult” in you would be the ______.
A)  the ego
B)  the libido
C)  the superego
D)  the id

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

45.  According to Freud, the part of personality that acts as a censor that screens the impulses of the id is the ______.
A)  superego
B)  self
C)  ego
D)  persona

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

46.  An unconscious function of the ego that protects it from anxiety-evoking material by preventing accurate recognition of this material is, according to Freud, a(n) ______.
A)  cognitive schema
B)  fixation
C)  defense mechanism
D)  archetype

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

47.  According to Freud, the psychic structure that develops during early childhood is the ______.
A)  ego
B)  libido
C)  superego
D)  id

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

48.  According to Freud, the psychic structure that functions according to moral standards and values learned from parents and significant others in a person's life is the ______.
A)  ego
B)  libido
C)  superego
D)  id

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

49.  According to Freud, the superego incorporates the moral standards of parents and significant others through ______.
A)  identification
B)  repression
C)  subliminal perception
D)  projection

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

50.  In psychodynamic theory, the unconscious assumption of another person's behavior, usually the behavior of the parent of the same gender, is ______.
A)  a reaction formation
B)  catharsis
C)  displacement
D)  identification

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

51.  According to Freud, our conscience lies in the ______.
A)  ego
B)  libido
C)  superego
D)  id

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

52.  According to Freud, the superego is ______.
A)  the primitive, instinctive part of personality
B)  the logical, rational, thinking part of personality
C)  the part of personality we show to others in social situations
D)  the moral guardian of personality

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

53.  According to Freud, the psychic structure that might best represent the judgmental “parent” in you, constantly telling you what you should or should not do, is the ______.
A)  the ego
B)  the libido
C)  the superego
D)  the id

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

54.  A little boy feels guilty after stealing a toy from his next-door neighbor. The psychic structure responsible for his feelings, according to Freud, is the ______.
A)  ego
B)  libido
C)  superego
D)  id

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

55.  The ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas from conscious awareness is called ______.
A)  denial
B)  repression
C)  regression
D)  suppression

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

56.  A person who has hurt people close to him cannot recall his identity or any information concerning his personal life. This is an example of ______.
A)  denial
B)  repression
C)  projection
D)  suppression

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

57.  A student forgets that he has an important, but difficult test that day in his psychology class. This is an example of ______.
A)  denial
B)  regression
C)  repression
D)  suppression

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

58.  The return, under stress, to a form of behavior characteristic of an earlier (younger) stage of development is ______.
A)  projection
B)  displacement
C)  repression
D)  regression

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

59.  A 6-year-old child begins bedwetting and starts sucking his thumb after the birth of a baby sister. This is an example of ______.
A)  a reaction formation
B)  sublimation
C)  repression
D)  regression

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

60.  An adult becomes highly dependent on his parents after the breakup of his marriage. This is an example of ______.
A)  a reaction formation
B)  displacement
C)  regression
D)  repression

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

61.  Self-deceiving excuses or justifications used to explain unacceptable behavior that exonerate us from blame and guilt are examples of ______.
A)  projection
B)  rationalization
C)  reaction formation
D)  displacement

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

62.  A man explains his cheating on his income taxes by saying, "Everyone does it! I just got caught!" This is an example of ______.
A)  projection
B)  denial
C)  a reaction formation
D)  rationalization

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

63.  A man goes on an impulsive, expensive shopping spree and then tries to justify it to his wife by saying, “Honey, I saved us a fortune because everything was on sale!” He is using the defense mechanism of ______.
A)  projection
B)  rationalization
C)  reaction formation
D)  displacement

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

64.  The transfer of impulses and ideas from threatening or unsuitable objects to "safer" and less threatening objects is ______.
A)  displacement
B)  a reaction formation
C)  sublimation
D)  projection

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

65.  A man who is scolded by his boss and then yells at the employees who work for him, rather than the boss who upset him in the first place is using the defense mechanism of ______.
A)  projection
B)  a reaction formation
C)  sublimation
D)  displacement

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

66.  A woman who is frustrated at work comes home and kills her family. This is an extreme example of ______.
A)  a reaction formation
B)  displacement
C)  sublimation
D)  projection

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

67.  A child who is yelled at by her parents for misbehaving, turns and throws her toys at the wall, yelling “Bad toys!” This is  an example of ______.
A)  displacement
B)  rationalization
C)  a reaction formation
D)  projection

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

68.  The process of blaming others for your own unacceptable impulses or claiming that others harbor those impulses is ______.
A)  a reaction formation
B)  rationalization
C)  sublimation
D)  projection

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

69.  A man justified raping a woman by claiming she was dressed provocatively. This is an example of ______.
A)  displacement
B)  rationalization
C)  a reaction formation
D)  projection

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

70.  A sexually frustrated woman claims that sex is evil and then interprets the innocent gestures of others as sexual advances. She then claims her own sexual desires stem from these "advances" made by others. This defense mechanism is ______.
A)  projection
B)  rationalization
C)  sublimation
D)  reaction formation

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

71.  A hostile person develops delusions that others are attempting to destroy him. This is an example of ______.
A)  denial
B)  projection
C)  rationalization
D)  a reaction formation

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

72.  Assumption of a behavior in opposition to one's genuine impulses in order to keep those impulses buried is ______.
A)  projection
B)  sublimation
C)  rationalization
D)  a reaction formation

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

73.  Smiling and acting sickeningly sweet while on the inside you are a seething hotbed of hostility and frustration is an example of ______.
A)  projection
B)  sublimation
C)  rationalization
D)  a reaction formation

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

74.  A conservative woman who cannot accept her sexual desires goes on a holy crusade to ban pornography. This is an example of ______.
A)  a reaction formation
B)  rationalization
C)  projection
D)  sublimation

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

75.  Refusal to accept the true nature of a threat is ______.
A)  sublimation
B)  rationalization
C)  denial
D)  repression

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

76.  Smokers who refuse to believe that cigarettes may increase their risk of developing cancer are using the defense mechanism of ______.
A)  projection
B)  rationalization
C)  repression
D)  denial

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

77.  A person claims that his house is NOT in danger from the rising flood waters of a nearby river and refuses to leave, despite being in imminent danger of being drowned. This is an example of ______.
A)  projection
B)  denial
C)  repression
D)  rationalization

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

78.  The channeling of primitive impulses into positive, constructive efforts is ______.
A)  displacement
B)  a reaction formation
C)  sublimation
D)  repression

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

79.  A hostile man channels his anger into practicing his tennis game until he becomes a tennis star. This is an example of ______.
A)  displacement
B)  sublimation
C)  projection
D)  a reaction formation

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

80.  A sexually frustrated musician puts all her energy into writing beautiful musical pieces. This is an example of ______.
A)  displacement
B)  a reaction formation
C)  sublimation
D)  repression

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

81.  Freud argued that ______ are a central factor in children's development.
A)  sexual impulses
B)  self-actualizing tendencies
C)  social needs
D)  environment forces

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

82.  Freud aroused controversy in his day by arguing for the importance of ______ motivation, even among children.
A)  spiritual
B)  economic
C)  social
D)  sexual

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

83.  For Freud, the term for the instinct to preserve and perpetuate life is ______.
A)  libido
B)  eros
C)  thanatos
D)  animus

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

84.  According to Freud, eros contains energy that is psychological in nature and involves sexual impulses. He called this psychic energy ______.
A)  libido
B)  animus
C)  thanatos
D)  catharsis

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

85.  Freud believed that as children develop, libidinal energy is expressed through sexual feelings in different parts of the body called ______.
A)  transference points
B)  control centers
C)  erogenous zones
D)  abreaction points

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

86.  In psychodynamic theory, the process by which libidinal energy is expressed through different erogenous zones at different stages of development is known as ______ development.
A)  psychosocial
B)  psychoanalytical
C)  psychocognitive
D)  psychosexual

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

87.  Freud theorized ______ stages of psychological development.
A)  three
B)  four
C)  five
D)  six

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

88.  Freud saw human maturation as a process of ______ development.
A)  lifelong
B)  psychosocial
C)  psycholinguistic
D)  psychosexual

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

89.  Which of the following is the correct order of Freud's stages of development?
A)  anal, oral, phallic, genital, latency
B)  oral, anal, latency, genital, phallic
C)  anal. oral, latency, phallic, genital
D)  oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

90.  According to Freud, during the first year of life, infants experience the ______ stage of development.
A)  anal
B)  genital
C)  phallic
D)  oral

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

91.  Freud believed that children encounter conflict _______ stage of development.
A)  only during the oral
B)  only during the phallic
C)  only during the genital
D)  during each

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

92.  According to Freud, inadequate or excessive gratification at any stage of development can lead to ______.
A)  catharsis
B)  extinction
C)  fixation
D)  cognitive dissonance

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

93.  In psychodynamic theory, arrested development, or attachment to objects of a certain stage when one's development should have advanced so that one is attached to objects of a more advanced stage is called ______.
A)  fixation
B)  catharsis
C)  abreaction
D)  regression

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

94.  Which of the following would be described by Freud as an "oral" trait?
A)  carelessness
B)  dependency
C)  perfectionism
D)  cleanliness

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

95.  Jack is dependent, gullible, and overly optimistic. He is ______, according to Freud.
A)  orally fixated
B)  an anal expulsive
C)  an anal retentive
D)  fixated in the phallic stage

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

96.  Amy smokes, drinks, overeats, and bites her nails. Freud would probably diagnose her as being fixated in the ______ stage of development.
A)  anal
B)  latency
C)  oral
D)  phallic

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

97.  Barbara has a pattern of being very clingy and overly dependent in her friendship and romantic relationships. Freud would argue that she is fixated in the ______ stage of development.
A)  anal
B)  latency
C)  oral
D)  phallic

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

98.  According to Freud, children enter the ______ stage of development during the second year of life.
A)  anal
B)  latency
C)  oral
D)  phallic

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

99.  Which of the following would be described by Freud as an "anal" trait?
A)  dependency
B)  gullibility
C)  perfectionism
D)  optimism

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

100.  Irene is perfectionistic, overly self-controlled, as well as excessively neat and clean. She is ______, according to Freud.
A)  orally fixated
B)  an anal expulsive
C)  an anal retentive
D)  fixated in the phallic stage

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

101.  Jeanine is messy, sloppy, careless, and somewhat sadistic. She is ______, according to Freud.
A)  orally fixated
B)  an anal expulsive
C)  an anal retentive
D)  fixated in the phallic stage

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

102.  Issues of self-control dominate the ______ stage.
A)  phallic
B)  genital
C)  oral
D)  anal

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

103.  According to Freud, children enter the ______ stage of development during the third year of life.
A)  anal
B)  genital
C)  oral
D)  phallic

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

104.  Andy is 3 years old. He has developed a strong attachment toward his mother and sees his father as a rival for his mother's affections. According to Freud, he is in the ______ stage.
A)  anal
B)  phallic
C)  latency
D)  genital

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

105.  According to Freud, the conflict in which little boys are sexually attracted to their mothers and wish to eliminate their fathers is called ______.
A)  the Oedipus complex
B)  the Electra complex
C)  the Libido complex
D)  the Andromeda complex

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

106.  According to Freud, the conflict in which little girls desire their fathers and resent their mothers is called ______.
A)  the Oedipus complex
B)  the Electra complex
C)  the Libido complex
D)  the Andromeda complex

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

107.  Andy is 3 years old. He has developed a strong attachment toward his mother and sees his father as a rival for his mother's affections. According to Freud, he is experiencing the ______ complex.
A)  Oedipus
B)  Electra
C)  Libido
D)  Andromeda

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

108.  Rachel is 4 years old. She has developed a strong sense of attachment toward her father and sees her mother as a rival for her father's affections. According to Freud, she is experiencing the ______ complex.
A)  Oedipus
B)  Electra
C)  Libido
D)  Andromeda

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

109.  According to Freud, Oedipal feelings and conflicts are usually resolved by about the age of ______.
A)  3 or 4
B)  5 or 6
C)  8 or 9
D)  11 or 12

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

110.  According to Freud, Oedipal conflicts are resolved through the process of ______.
A)  catharsis
B)  countertransference
C)  identification
D)  reaction formation

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

111.  Freud argued that during adolescence, a child's unconscious desires for the parent of the opposite sex are transferred to socially appropriate members of the opposite sex through the defense mechanism of ______.
A)  reaction formation
B)  regression
C)  projection
D)  displacement

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

112.  A teenage boy decides that he wants to fall in love with a girl just like his mother. According to Freud, this boy's feelings are the result of ______.
A)  countertransference
B)  displacement
C)  catharsis
D)  repression

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

113.  According to Freud, children enter the latency stage of development at the age of ______.
A)  1 or 2
B)  3 or 4
C)  5 or 6
D)  7 or 8

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

114.  According to Freud, during the latency stage ______.
A)  boys develop sexual desires for their mothers and girls develop sexual desires for their fathers
B)  all sexual urges remain unconscious
C)  many sexual urges are impulsively acted out
D)  children struggle with crucial issues of physical and emotional self-control

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

115.  According to Freud, during the latency stage children ______. of their sexual urges.
A)  express all
B)  express most
C)  repress most
D)  repress all

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

116.  Andrea is 8 years old. She prefers playing with other little girls and wants little or nothing to do with little boys. In fact, all of her sexual feelings are currently unconscious. According to Freud, she is in the ______ stage.
A)  phallic
B)  oral
C)  genital
D)  latency

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

117.  Children are most likely to prefer playmates of their own gender during the ______ stage.
A)  genital
B)  latency
C)  phallic
D)  anal

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

118.  Freud theorized that children enter the ______ stage at puberty.
A)  genital
B)  latency
C)  phallic
D)  anal

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

119.  According to Freud, masturbation, oral and anal stimulation, and homosexual activity all represent ______.
A)  excess libido
B)  Oedipal conflicts
C)  pregenital fixations
D)  genital stage fixation

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

120.  For Freud, the goal of adolescence is the attainment of ______.
A)  ego identity
B)  self-actualization
C)  genital sexuality
D)  a sense of superiority

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

121.  For Freud, psychosexual maturation involves ______.
A)  the development of a fully developed persona and full integration of the collective unconscious
B)  the achievement of self-actualization and leading a fully-functioning life
C)  overcoming inherent feelings of inferiority and successfully achieving a drive for superiority
D)  the expression of libido through intercourse within the context of marriage

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

122.  Each of the following theorists was a follower of Sigmund Freud except ______.
A)  Carl Jung
B)  Karen Horney
C)  Fritz Perls
D)  Alfred Adler

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

123.  The founder of analytical psychology is ______.
A)  Sigmund Freud
B)  Carl Rogers
C)  Carl Jung
D)  Alfred Adler

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

124.  Carl Jung believed in a unifying force of personality that gives direction and purpose to human behavior called ______.
A)  the self
B)  self-actualization
C)  the creative self
D)  the persona

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

125.  Compared to Freud, Jung ______ the importance of the sexual instinct and placed ______ emphasis on the present.
A)  downplayed, less
B)  downplayed, greater
C)  emphasized, less
D)  emphasized, more

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

126.  The psychodynamic theory emphasizing the collective unconscious and archetypes is ______.
A)  psychoanalysis
B)  individual psychology
C)  analytical psychology
D)  psychosocial psychology

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

127.  Jung and Adler both believed that Freud placed too much emphasis on ______.
A)  free will
B)  sexual impulses
C)  lifelong development
D)  psychodynamic principles

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

128.  A psychologist argues that inside each one of us is a unifying force, the self, that gives direction and purpose to human behavior, and persistently strives to achieve wholeness or fullness. She also argues that to understand human behavior, one must incorporate self-awareness and self-direction as well as unconscious impulses. This psychologist's views are most similar to those of ______.
A)  Freud
B)  Erikson
C)  Horney
D)  Jung

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

129.  Each of the following is true of Carl Jung when compared to Freud EXCEPT ______.
A)  he downplayed the role of the sexual instinct
B)  he downplayed the role of unconscious forces
C)  he placed greater emphasis on the present than on infantile childhood experiences
D)  he posited the existence of “the self”

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

130.  Jung hypothesized that we have ______ levels to the unconscious mind.
A)  two
B)  three
C)  four
D)  five

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

131.  Jung believed that we inherit primitive images that reflect the history of our species called the ______ unconscious.
A)  personal
B)  collective
C)  intrinsic
D)  extrinsic

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

132.  Jung believed that in our unconscious mind we inherit basic, primitive images or concepts that reflect the history of our species. He called these images ______.
A)  engrams
B)  heuristics
C)  archetypes
D)  schemas

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

133.  Movie themes built such as those found in Lord of the Rings and Star Wars involving a young hero and a wise old man utilize primitive images and symbols Carl Jung called ______.
A)  engrams
B)  heuristics
C)  archetypes
D)  schemas

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

134.  A psychologist believes that people are largely motivated to overcome an inferiority complex. This psychologist is probably a follower of ______.
A)  Freud
B)  Jung
C)  Adler
D)  Horney

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

135.  Adler believed that a central motivating force in the development of personality is a(n) ______.
A)  sexual instinct
B)  self-actualizing tendency
C)  collective unconscious
D)  inferiority complex

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

136.  Adler's term for the desire to compensate for feelings of inferiority is ______.
A)  inferiority complex
B)  self-actualization
C)  drive for superiority
D)  self-efficacy

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

137.  Adler, like Jung, believed that ______ plays a major role in the formation of personality.
A)  psychosexual development
B)  self-awareness
C)  overcoming inferiority
D)  the collective unconscious

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

138.  Adler spoke of a self-aware aspect of personality that strives to overcome obstacles and develop the individual's potential called ______.
A)  the self
B)  the persona
C)  the ego ideal
D)  the creative self

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

139.  The founder of individual psychology is ______.
A)  Karen Horney
B)  Carl Jung
C)  Fritz Perls
D)  Alfred Adler

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

140.  Adler's personality theory emphasized ______.
A)  the importance of early childhood experiences and the sexual instinct
B)  the importance of the collective unconscious and archetypes
C)  the uniqueness of the individual
D)  the importance of classical and operant conditioning in shaping personality

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

141.  The psychologist who emphasized the importance of birth order in shaping personality is ______.
A)  Erikson
B)  Adler
C)  Jung
D)  Horney

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

142.  Bill is the CEO of a huge computer software firm. He has always been a natural leader and a high achiever. According to Adler, he is most likely ______.
A)  a first-born child
B)  a middle child
C)  a youngest child
D)  an orphan

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

143.  Jamie is very competitive. According to Adler, she is most likely ______.
A)  a first-born child
B)  a second-born child
C)  an only child
D)  an orphan

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

144.  Early psychodynamic theory taught that women who sought to compete with men in the workplace were suffering from ______.
A)  unconscious penis envy
B)  an inferiority complex
C)  excessive libido
D)  psychosocial retardation

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

145.  The theorist who first argued that it was not penis envy that made young women feel inferior to men, but rather the envy of social power and authority that men held in society, was ______.
A)  Jung
B)  Adler
C)  Perls
D)  Horney

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

146.  A psychologist agrees with Freud that childhood experiences, particularly the parent-child relationship, play an important role in the development of personality, but disagrees with Freud on how he portrays women and the differences between girls and boys. He feels that interpersonal relationships are more important than sexual and aggressive impulses, and is more optimistic about children's abilities to overcome early traumatic experience. This psychologist's views are most like those of ______.
A)  Jung
B)  Adler
C)  Perls
D)  Horney

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  applied
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

147.  Horney believed that people relate to each other in each of the following ways EXCEPT moving ______.
A)  toward others
B)  away from others
C)  against others
D)  with others

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

148.  Erik Erikson is known for his multi-stage theory of ______ development.
A)  psychosexual
B)  moral
C)  psychosocial
D)  cognitive

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

149.  Erikson labeled each of his developmental stages ______.
A)  according to the life crisis that must be resolved at that stage
B)  according to the moral dilemma that had to be resolved at each stage and how the person resolved it
C)  according to cognitive abilities possessed by a person at each stage
D)  according to the underlying psychosexual conflict that had to be resolved at each stage

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

150.  Erikson's theory divides personal development into ______ stages.
A)  two
B)  four
C)  six
D)  eight

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

151.  For Erikson, the goal of adolescence is the attainment of ______.
A)  ego identity
B)  self-actualization
C)  genital sexuality
D)  a sense of superiority

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

152.  For Erikson, one's sense of who one is and what one stands for is known as ______.
A)  the creative self
B)  ego identity
C)  the animus
D)  self-efficacy

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

153.  Erikson's theory of personality grants more power to the ______ than Freud had allowed.
A)  id
B)  ego
C)  superego
D)  death instinct

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

154.  The conflict that Erikson felt characterized infancy (birth to 1 year) was ______.
A)  initiative versus guilt
B)  autonomy versus shame and doubt
C)  industry versus inferiority
D)  trust versus mistrust

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

155.  The conflict that Erikson felt characterized early childhood (ages 2-3) was ______.
A)  initiative versus guilt
B)  autonomy versus shame and doubt
C)  industry versus inferiority
D)  trust versus mistrust

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

156.  The conflict that Erikson felt characterized the preschool years (ages 4-5) was ______.
A)  initiative versus guilt
B)  autonomy versus shame and doubt
C)  industry versus inferiority
D)  trust versus mistrust

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

157.  The conflict that Erikson felt characterized the grammar school years (ages 6-12) was ______.
A)  initiative versus guilt
B)  autonomy versus shame and doubt
C)  industry versus inferiority
D)  trust versus mistrust

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

158.  The conflict that Erikson felt characterized adolescence was ______.
A)  initiative versus guilt
B)  intimacy versus isolation
C)  integrity versus despair
D)  identity versus role diffusion

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

159.  The conflict that Erikson felt characterized young adulthood was ______.
A)  industry versus inferiority
B)  intimacy versus isolation
C)  integrity versus despair
D)  identity versus role diffusion

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

160.  The conflict that Erikson felt characterized middle adulthood was ______.
A)  industry versus inferiority
B)  intimacy versus isolation
C)  generativity versus stagnation
D)  integrity versus despair

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

161.  The conflict that Erikson felt characterized late adulthood was ______.
A)  industry versus inferiority
B)  intimacy versus isolation
C)  generativity versus stagnation
D)  integrity versus despair

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

162.  Psychodynamic theories were developed by working with ______.
A)  children
B)  healthy college students
C)  animals in research laboratories
D)  troubled individuals

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.3 The Healthy Personality

163.  Freud is noted to have equated psychological health with ______.
A)  the ability to relax and play
B)  creativity and spontaneity
C)  the ability to love and work
D)  social conformity

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.3 The Healthy Personality

164.  Each of the following is central to the psychodynamic theorists' views of what constitutes a healthy personality except ______.
A)  a creative self
B)  good genetic inheritance
C)  ego strength
D)  positive outcomes

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.3 The Healthy Personality

165.  Each of the following is true of psychodynamic approaches EXCEPT ______.
A)  they were the first psychological theories to rest completely on scientific research and testing
B)  they have had a rich and pervasive influence on our culture
C)  they have been criticized for placing too much emphasis on sexuality and underemphasizing social relationships
D)  they brought to light a fuller appreciation of the importance of early childhood in shaping adult personality

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.4 Evaluation of Psychodynamic Approaches

166.  Psychodynamic theorists look at personality in terms of ______.
A)  a person's repertoire of learned behaviors
B)  conflicts between internal mental structures
C)  the struggle to achieve self-actualization
D)  how it is impacted by mental processes and perceptions

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.2 Learning Theories

167.  Learning theories look at personality in terms of ______.
A)  a person's capacity to adapt to the environment
B)  conflicts between internal mental structures
C)  the struggle to achieve self-actualization
D)  how it is impacted by mental processes and perceptions

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.2 Learning theories

168.  An early movement in psychology that was predicated on the belief that psychology should limit itself to the study of observable behavior is ______.
A)  behaviorism
B)  psychodynamic theory
C)  Gestalt theory
D)  humanistic theory

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

169.  A scientist says that he can shape a child's personality into whatever he wants it to be through manipulation of the child's environment. The scientist is most likely a follower of ______.
A)  John Watson
B)  Alfred Adler
C)  Carl Rogers
D)  Albert Bandura

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

170.  A scientist says that he can shape a child's personality into whatever he wants it to be through manipulation of the child's environment. The scientist also claims that psychology should focus on measurable, testable actions and reject “mentalistic” concepts  such as the “mind” that cannot be proven. This psychologist's views are most similar to those of a ______.
A)  behaviorist
B)  psychodynamic theorist
C)  humanist
D)  trait theorist

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

171.  Of the various perspectives presented in your text, which perspective focuses on the measurable aspects of personality that can be scientifically tested and proven?
A)  behaviorism
B)  psychodynamic theory
C)  Gestalt theory
D)  humanistic theory

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

172.  According to John Watson, the environment ______ a person's behavior.
A)  has no impact on
B)  has only a small impact on
C)  has a substantial impact on
D)  completely determines

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

173.  To a ______, personality is nothing more than the sum total of an individual's response repertoire.
A)  psychodynamic theorist
B)  behaviorist
C)  trait theorist
D)  humanistic psychologist

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

174.  To a behaviorist, personality is ______.
A)  what a person is, not what a person might eventually become
B)  what a person does, not what a person is
C)  what a person is capable of becoming, not what a person is at the moment
D)  what a person is, not what a person does

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

175.  Each of the following is true of behaviorism EXCEPT ______.
A)  behaviorists reject the study of the mind as unscientific
B)  behaviorists believe that our behavior is determined by our learning experiences in the environment
C)  behaviorists believe that unseen, undetectable mental forces must be rejected in favor of that which can be seen and measured
D)  people make conscious, self-directed choices based on free will

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

176.  ______ is a form of learning by association.
A)  Catharsis
B)  Insight learning
C)  Operant conditioning
D)  Classical conditioning

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

177.  Classical conditioning was discovered by ______.
A)  accident
B)  exploring questions remaining from earlier research on operant conditioning
C)  extensive research with infants
D)  exploring various types of self-talk among adolescents

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

178.  The scientist famous for his research in the conditioning of dogs was ______.
A)  B. F. Skinner
B)  John B. Watson
C)  Albert Bandura
D)  Ivan Pavlov

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

179.  Ivan Pavlov's original research was on ______.
A)  the effects of stress on the human nervous system
B)  the salivation reflex in dogs
C)  how children learn to be phobic of small animals, such as rats
D)  factors that affect aging in dogs

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

180.  A simple unlearned behavior that occurs in response to a specific stimulus is a ______.
A)  conditioned response
B)  reaction
C)  reflex
D)  thought

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

181.  Learning that occurs through repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus to a response eliciting stimulus is called ______.
A)  classical conditioning
B)  vicarious learning
C)  self-actualization
D)  operant conditioning

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

182.  According to behavioral theory, the pairing of the color red with the concept of "stop" or "danger" to the point that we automatically stop or prepare for danger when we see the color red is an example of ______.
A)  classical conditioning
B)  transference
C)  vicarious learning
D)  operant conditioning

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

183.  According to learning theory, a change in the environment that leads directly to a change in behavior is called ______.
A)  a primary reinforcer
B)  a secondary reinforcer
C)  a stimulus
D)  an expectancy

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

184.  In Pavlov's research with dogs, salivation to the meat was ______.
A)  the unconditioned stimulus
B)  the unconditioned response
C)  the conditioned stimulus
D)  the conditioned response

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

185.  In Pavlov's research with dogs, the meat was ______.
A)  the unconditioned stimulus
B)  the unconditioned response
C)  the conditioned stimulus
D)  the conditioned response

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

186.  In Pavlov's research with dogs, the tone was ______.
A)  the unconditioned stimulus
B)  the unconditioned response
C)  the conditioned stimulus
D)  the conditioned response

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

187.  In Pavlov's research with dogs, salivation to the tone was ______.
A)  the unconditioned stimulus
B)  the unconditioned response
C)  the conditioned stimulus
D)  the conditioned response

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

188.  A stimulus that elicits a response from an organism without learning is ______.
A)  a primary stimulus
B)  a secondary stimulus
C)  an unconditioned stimulus
D)  a conditioned stimulus

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

189.  A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response because it has been paired repeatedly with a stimulus that already brought forth that response is ______.
A)  a primary stimulus
B)  a secondary stimulus
C)  an unconditioned stimulus
D)  a conditioned stimulus

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

190.  An unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus is ______.
A)  a primary response
B)  a secondary response
C)  an unconditioned response
D)  a conditioned response

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

191.  A learned response to a conditioned stimulus is ______.
A)  a primary response
B)  a secondary response
C)  an unconditioned response
D)  a conditioned response

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

192.  In the “Little Albert” study, an 11-month-old boy was taught to fear a rat through the use of ______.
A)  punishment
B)  operant conditioning
C)  hypnosis
D)  classical conditioning

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

193.  In the “Little Albert” study, the rat was ______.
A)  the unconditioned stimulus
B)  the unconditioned response
C)  the conditioned stimulus
D)  the conditioned response

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

194.  In the “Little Albert” study, the “clanging” noise was ______.
A)  the unconditioned stimulus
B)  the unconditioned response
C)  the conditioned stimulus
D)  the conditioned response

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

195.  In the “Little Albert” study, fear of the rat was ______.
A)  the unconditioned stimulus
B)  the unconditioned response
C)  the conditioned stimulus
D)  the conditioned response

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

196.  In the “Little Albert” study, fear of the noise was ______.
A)  the unconditioned stimulus
B)  the unconditioned response
C)  the conditioned stimulus
D)  the conditioned response

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

197.  A dog has been classically conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell. A lab worker continuously rings the bell but never presents any more meat after ringing the bell. What is likely to happen to the dog's salivation response?
A)  It will stop the first time the bell is rung and no meat is presented.
B)  It will slowly decrease and eventually stop.
C)  It will remain the same.
D)  It will slowly, but steadily, increase.

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

198.  In classical conditioning, the suspension of the CR due to repeated presentation of the CS without the US is called ______.
A)  transference
B)  generalization
C)  extinction
D)  discrimination

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

199.  In classical conditioning, the reappearance of a CR in response to a CS when some time has elapsed since the extinction of the CR, is called ______.
A)  transference
B)  generalization
C)  reactivation
D)  spontaneous recovery

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

200.  A dog is classically conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell. The salivation to the bell is then extinguished. Several days later, the dog hears a bell again. What is the dog most likely to do?
A)  ignore the bell
B)  bark at the bell
C)  salivate to the bell
D)  bite the bell

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

201.  In classical conditioning, extinction is ______; spontaneous recovery is ______.
A)  not adaptive, not adaptive
B)  not adaptive, adaptive
C)  adaptive, not adaptive
D)  adaptive, adaptive

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

202.  In ______, an organism learns to engage in a certain behavior because of the consequences of that behavior.
A)  classical conditioning
B)  flooding
C)  observational learning
D)  operant conditioning

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

203.  A pigeon learns to peck at buttons because it receives food each time it pecks at the buttons. This learning is due to ______.
A)  classical conditioning
B)  flooding
C)  observational learning
D)  operant conditioning

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

204.  The scientist noted for his work in operant conditioning is ______.
A)  Harry "Stack" Sullivan
B)  Ivan Pavlov
C)  Abraham Maslow
D)  B. F. Skinner

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

205.  Classical conditioning usually conditions _______ responses. Operant conditioning usually conditions ______ responses.
A)  voluntary, voluntary
B)  involuntary, voluntary
C)  voluntary, involuntary
D)  involuntary, involuntary

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

206.  A change in the environment that increases the frequency of the behavior it follows is a ______.
A)  punishment
B)  reinforcement
C)  a reward
D)  a catalyst

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

207.  A pleasant stimulus that increases the frequency of a behavior is called ______.
A)  a punisher
B)  a motive
C)  a reward
D)  a catalyst

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

208.  Reinforcers that increase the frequency of a behavior when they are APPLIED are called ______ reinforcers.
A)  primary
B)  secondary
C)  positive
D)  negative

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

209.  Reinforcers that increase the frequency of a behavior when they are REMOVED are called ______ reinforcers.
A)  primary
B)  secondary
C)  positive
D)  negative

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

210.  A little girl learns to be great at math and science because she receives a lot of praise and attention for getting "A's" in math and science. This is an example of ______.
A)  classical conditioning
B)  vicarious learning
C)  positive reinforcement
D)  negative reinforcement

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

211.  Nagging someone to do something is an example of ______.
A)  flooding
B)  punishment
C)  positive reinforcement
D)  negative reinforcement

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

212.  Studying for a test because it reduces your fear of failing is an example of ______.
A)  classical conditioning
B)  vicarious learning
C)  positive reinforcement
D)  negative reinforcement

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

213.  Reinforcers that have value because of the biological makeup of an individual such as food, water, and sexual activity are called, by Skinner, ______.
A)  active reinforcers
B)  passive reinforcers
C)  primary reinforcers
D)  secondary reinforcers

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

214.  According to Skinner, reinforcers that acquire their value through their association with established reinforcers are called ______.
A)  primary reinforcers
B)  secondary reinforcers
C)  active reinforcers
D)  passive reinforcers

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

215.  According to Skinner, money is an example of a(n) ______ reinforcer.
A)  active
B)  passive
C)  primary
D)  secondary

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

216.  According to Skinner, food is an example of a(n) ______ reinforcer.
A)  primary reinforcers
B)  secondary reinforcers
C)  active reinforcers
D)  passive reinforcers

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

217.  Painful or unpleasant stimuli that decrease the frequency of the behaviors they follow are called ______.
A)  primary reinforcers
B)  secondary reinforcers
C)  punishments
D)  negative reinforcers

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

218.  Which of the following is NOT seen by learning theorists as a danger to the use of punishment in shaping behavior?
A)  punishment does not teach alternative, acceptable behaviors
B)  punishment may be imitated as a way of solving problems or coping with stress
C)  punishment only suppresses unwanted behavior under limited circumstances
D)  punishment does not rapidly suppress undesirable behavior

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

219.  According to learning theorists, ______ is the preferable method of teaching young children new behavior.
A)  positive reinforcement
B)  aversive conditioning
C)  negative reinforcement
D)  punishment

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

220.  Learning theorists feel that if we really expect good behavior from children we must ______.
A)  punish them each time they misbehave
B)  sit back and expect them to learn to be good on their own
C)  notice and respond to them when they exhibit good behavior
D)  give them unconditional positive regard

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

221.  Social-cognitive theory is a contemporary view of learning developed by each of the following EXCEPT ______.
A)  Julian Rotter
B)  Albert Bandura
C)  Walter Mischel
D)  John B. Watson

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.2.2 Social-Cognitive Theory

222.  A famous psychologist argues that behavior is determined by observational learning, values, and expectations. This psychologist's views are most similar to ______.
A)  social-cognitive theory
B)  psychodynamic theory
C)  behavioral theory
D)  trait theory

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.2.2 Social-Cognitive Theory

223.  According to social-cognitive theory, people ______.
A)  neither influence nor are influenced by their environment
B)  influence, but are not influenced by, their environment
C)  are influenced by, but do not influence, their environment
D)  influence and are influenced by their environment

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.2.2 Social-Cognitive Theory

224.  The idea that people influence their environment just as their environment influences them is known as ______.
A)  self-efficacy
B)  complementarity
C)  the phi phenomenon
D)  reciprocal determinism

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.2.2 Social-Cognitive Theory

225.  The type of learning through which people acquire new behaviors by watching the behaviors of others is called ______.
A)  classical conditioning
B)  observational learning
C)  aversive conditioning
D)  operant conditioning

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.2.2 Social-Cognitive Theory

226.  In social-cognitive theory, the process of learning new behaviors by imitating the behavior of others is called ______.
A)  reciprocal determinism
B)  socialization
C)  modeling
D)  catharsis

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.2.2 Social-Cognitive Theory

227.  In social-cognitive theory, internal determinants of behavior such as behavioral competencies, expectancies, self-efficacy, or subjective values are called ______ variables.
A)  primary
B)  secondary
C)  person
D)  situational

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.2.2 Social-Cognitive Theory

228.  In social-cognitive theory, environmental factors such as rewards and punishments that influence behavior are called ______ variables.
A)  primary
B)  secondary
C)  person
D)  situational

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.2.2 Social-Cognitive Theory

229.  Each of the following is an example of a person variable EXCEPT ______.
A)  rewards
B)  competencies
C)  encoding strategies
D)  self-regulatory systems

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.2.2 Social-Cognitive Theory

230.  In social-cognitive theory, knowledge and skills that are needed to adjust  in our social environment are known as ______.
A)  expectancies
B)  self-efficacy
C)  encoding strategies
D)  competencies

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.2.2 Social-Cognitive Theory

231.  To symbolize, transform, or represent events or information is to ______.
A)  convert
B)  stimulate
C)  encode
D)  actualize

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.2.2 Social-Cognitive Theory

232.  Jack views his upcoming tennis match as a chance to prove his physical superiority over his opponent. John, Jack's opponent, views the same match as a chance to improve his skills and get a good workout. According to social-cognitive theorists, these different views of the tennis match represent different ______.
A)  behavioral competencies
B)  subjective values
C)  expectancies
D)  encoding strategies

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.2.2 Social-Cognitive Theory

233.  In social-cognitive theory, personal predictions about the outcomes of events, or the likely results of engaging in a response, such as "if-then" statements, are called ______.
A)  behavioral competencies
B)  subjective values
C)  expectancies
D)  encoding strategies

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.2.2 Social-Cognitive Theory

234.  Beliefs that we can accomplish certain things, such as speaking before a group or solving a math problem, are ______.
A)  stimulus-control expectations
B)  behavioral competencies
C)  cue-controlled responses
D)  self-efficacy expectations

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.2.2 Social-Cognitive Theory

235.  Jack believes that studying for the test will improve his chances for getting a good grade. Jack's belief is called ______.
A)  a competency
B)  an outcome expectancy
C)  an encoding strategy
D)  a self-regulatory system

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.2.2 Social-Cognitive Theory

236.  People are more likely to have higher self-esteem, more likely to attempt difficult tasks, and to successfully pick up the pieces of their lives  after experiencing calamitous events if they have ______ self-efficacy expectations.
A)  no
B)  low
C)  moderate
D)  high

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.2.2 Social-Cognitive Theory

237.  Which of the following is MOST important to the social-cognitive perspective on personality?
A)  efficient self-regulatory systems
B)  catharsis
C)  classical conditioning
D)  psychological congruence

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.2.2 Social-Cognitive Theory

238.  Too high a level of self-efficacy may lead to ______.
A)  depression
B)  anxiety
C)  overconfidence
D)  an inferiority complex

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.2.2 Social-Cognitive Theory

239.  Behaviorists view “healthy personality” in terms of ______.
A)  good genetic inheritance
B)  the ability to love and work
C)  behaviors that permit the learner to obtain reinforcement
D)  observational learning and person variables

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.2.3 The Healthy Personality

240.  Social-cognitive theorists view healthy personality in terms of ______.
A)  good genetic inheritance
B)  the ability to love and work
C)  behaviors that permit the learner to obtain reinforcement
D)  observational learning and person variables

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.2.3 The Healthy Personality

241.  ______ theory perspectives have arguably had a larger influence on modern psychology than any other set of theories.
A)  Psychodynamic
B)  Humanistic
C)  Learning
D)  Trait

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.2.4 Evaluation of Learning Theories

242.  Each of the following is a criticism of learning theories EXCEPT ______.
A)  they fail to account for the roles of unconscious influences in determining behavior
B)  they fail to account for the role of environmental influences on behavior
C)  they fail to give sufficient attention to the influence of heredity
D)  they fail to provide a meaningful account of self-awareness

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.2.4 Evaluation of Learning Theories

243.  The psychological perspective that holds that the personal, or subjective, experiencing of events is the most important aspect of human nature and  that the meaning of our lives is the meaning we imbue in it, is the ______ perspective.
A)  humanistic
B)  Gestalt
C)  psychodynamic
D)  cognitive-social

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  Module 2.3 - Humanistic Theory

244.  Humanistic psychologists focus on ______.
A)  the effects of learning on shaping personality
B)  the meaning of life
C)  unconscious influences on conscious behavior and emotions
D)  the interaction of situational determinants and trait dispositions on behavior

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  Module 2.3 - Humanistic Theory

245.  The school of philosophy that asserts that people are free to make choices and that they are what they believe themselves to be, is ______.
A)  dualism
B)  hedonism
C)  utilitarianism
D)  existentialism

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  Module 2.3 - Humanistic Theory

246.  Existential philosophy is an underpinning of _______ psychology.
A)  Gestalt
B)  humanistic
C)  psychodynamic
D)  behavioral

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  Module 2.3 - Humanistic Theory

247.  To ______ thinkers, free choice is the veritable essence of what it means to be human.
A)  existential and humanistic
B)  existential and behavioral
C)  behavioral and humanistic
D)  existential and psychodynamic

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  Module 2.3 - Humanistic Theory

248.  To Humanistic psychologists, Freud was preoccupied with the ______.
A)  the penthouse of the human condition
B)  the average human condition
C)  the full spectrum of the human condition
D)  the basement of the human condition

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  Module 2.3 - Humanistic Theory

249.  Abraham Maslow is most closely associated with ______.
A)  behaviorism
B)  psychodynamic theory
C)  humanistic theory
D)  social-cognitive theory

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.3.1 Abraham Maslow and the Challenge of Self-Actualization

250.  According to Maslow, self-initiated striving to become whatever we believe we are capable of being is called ______.
A)  authentic living
B)  self-efficacy
C)  self-actualization
D)  psychological congruence

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.3.1 Abraham Maslow and the Challenge of Self-Actualization

251.  The 1970s U.S. army recruiting ads that claimed in the army you can “be all that you can be” were utilizing Maslow's concept of ______ to try to get people to enlist.
A)  authentic living
B)  self-efficacy
C)  psychological congruence
D)  self-actualization

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.3.1 Abraham Maslow and the Challenge of Self-Actualization

252.  Which psychologist originated the concept of a "needs hierarchy?"
A)  Albert Bandura
B)  Alfred Adler
C)  Carl Rogers
D)  Abraham Maslow

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.3.1 Abraham Maslow and the Challenge of Self-Actualization

253.  Freud saw all motivation as stemming from the ______.
A)  id
B)  ego
C)  collective unconscious
D)  superego

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.3.1 Abraham Maslow and the Challenge of Self-Actualization

254.  Which needs were at the BOTTOM of Maslow's needs hierarchy? (meaning, the first to be satisfied)
A)  biological needs
B)  esteem needs
C)  self-actualization needs
D)  safety needs

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.3.1 Abraham Maslow and the Challenge of Self-Actualization

255.  According to Maslow, which needs were at the TOP of his needs hierarchy? (meaning, the last needs to be satisfied)
A)  biological needs
B)  esteem needs
C)  love and belongingness needs
D)  self-actualization needs

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.3.1 Abraham Maslow and the Challenge of Self-Actualization

256.  What is the proper order (from most easily satisfied to least easily satisfied) of the various types of needs in Maslow's needs hierarchy?
A)  biological, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, self-actualization
B)  biological, safety, esteem, love and belongingness, self-actualization
C)  safety, biological, esteem, love and belongingness, self-actualization
D)  safety, biological, love and belongingness, esteem, self-actualization

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.3.1 Abraham Maslow and the Challenge of Self-Actualization

257.  Carl Rogers is most closely associated with ______.
A)  social-cognitive theory
B)  humanistic  theory
C)  trait theory
D)  psychodynamic theory

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.3.2 Carl Roger's Self Theory

258.  Carl Rogers' theory of personal growth is called ______ theory.
A)  self-efficacy
B)  self-enhancement
C)  self
D)  self-actualization

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.3.2 Carl Roger's Self Theory

259.  Carl Rogers suggests people shape themselves through _____.
A)  freedom of choice and action
B)  self-efficacy expectancies
C)  perceptual biases
D)  the collective unconscious

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.3.2 Carl Roger's Self Theory

260.  Rogers defined the ______ as the center of experience.
A)  ego
B)  self
C)  collective unconscious
D)  persona

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.3.2 Carl Roger's Self Theory

261.  According to Rogers, one's unique patterning of perceptions and attitudes, according to which one evaluates events is called ______.
A)  self-efficacy
B)  self-actualization
C)  frame of reference
D)  reciprocal determinism

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.3.2 Carl Roger's Self Theory

262.  A parent wants to help her child develop self-esteem. If she follows Carl Rogers' guidelines, she will most likely provide the child with ______.
A)  unconditional positive regard
B)  conditional positive regard
C)  conditions of worth
D)  a peak experience

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.3.2 Carl Roger's Self Theory

263.  A child learns to believe that she has intrinsic worth and merit, regardless of her behavior At the moment, because she has received consistent expressions of esteem from her parents. According to Rogers, this child has most likely been brought up with ______.
A)  unconditional positive regard
B)  conditional positive regard
C)  conditions of worth
D)  negative reinforcement

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.3.2 Carl Roger's Self Theory

264.  A child learns to believe that she is only a good person if she behaves in certain ways, because her parents only praise her when she obeys their rules. According to Rogers, this child has most likely been brought up with ______.
A)  unconditional positive regard
B)  conditional positive regard
C)  aversive conditioning
D)  psychological congruence

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.3.2 Carl Roger's Self Theory

265.  A child learns to believe that she is only a good person if she behaves in certain ways. According to Rogers, she has developed ______.
A)  unconditional positive regard
B)  conditional positive regard
C)  conditions of worth
D)  psychological congruence

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.3.2 Carl Roger's Self Theory

266.  The psychologist who developed client-centered therapy is ______.
A)  Abraham Maslow
B)  Fritz Perls
C)  Carl Rogers
D)  Alfred Adler

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.3.2 Carl Roger's Self Theory

267.  Rogers believed that we have mental images of what we are capable of being called ______.
A)  conditions of worth
B)  frames of reference
C)  self-efficacy expectancies
D)  self-ideals

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.3.2 Carl Roger's Self Theory

268.  Each of the following is one of the components of healthy personality, according to Humanistic-existential psychologists, EXCEPT ______.
A)  experience life in the here and now
B)  seeking meaningful activities
C)  express your true feelings and beliefs
D)  avoid taking risks

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.3.3 The Healthy Personality

269.  The greatest value of the humanistic approach is ______.
A)  focusing the study of personality on what can be directly observed or measured
B)  the recognition of conscious, subjective, experience
C)  exploration of unconscious motives for conscious behavior
D)  the use of information-processing models to explain personality development

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.3.4 Evaluation of Humanistic Theory

270.  Reasonably stable elements of personality that are inferred from behavior are ______.
A)  traits
B)  psychic structures
C)  archetypes
D)  emotions

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  Module 2.4 - Trait Theories

271.  Hans Eysenck is most closely associated with ______ theory.
A)  psychodynamic
B)  humanistic
C)  trait
D)  cognitive-social

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.4.1 Hans Eysenck

272.  The term “neuroticism” refers to ______.
A)  introversion
B)  sexual obsession
C)  emotional instability
D)  extraversion

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.4.1 Hans Eysenck

273.  Jamal is quite shy and withdrawn, but quite imaginative. He tends to be socially anxious and awkward in groups. He often prefers to be alone rather than with others. He is best described as ______.
A)  an introvert
B)  an endomorph
C)  a mesomorph
D)  an extravert

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.4.1 Hans Eysenck

274.  Jamal is very outgoing, sociable and impulsive, and easily expresses his feelings. He loves people and would much rather spend time with friends than be alone. He is best described as ______.
A)  an introvert
B)  an ectomorph
C)  a mesomorph
D)  an extravert

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.4.1 Hans Eysenck

275.  Recent research suggests that there are probably ______ basic personality factors, or traits.
A)  three
B)  four
C)  five
D)  six

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.4.2 The Five-Factor Model

276.  The “five-factor” model is most closely associated with ______ theory.
A)  trait
B)  psychodynamic
C)  cognitive
D)  behavioral

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.4.2 The Five-Factor Model

277.  Each of the following is one of the factors in the “five-factor” model EXCEPT ______.
A)  extraversion
B)  agreeableness
C)  neuroticism
D)  emotionality

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.4.2 The Five-Factor Model

278.  Researchers studying traits have found evidence that our personalities ______.
A)  are rigid, inflexible, and unchanging
B)  tend to mature rather than be shaped by environmental influences
C)  tend to be shaped by a wide range of environmental influences
D)  are unpredictable and change in seemingly random ways

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.4.2 The Five-Factor Model

279.  Recent research suggests a ______ relationship between self-esteem and neuroticism, and a ______ relationship between self-esteem and extraversion.
A)  negative, negative
B)  negative, positive
C)  positive, negative
D)  positive, positive

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.4.2 The Five-Factor Model

280.  People who are high on ______ tend to live longer and happier lives.
A)  neuroticism
B)  openness to experience
C)  extraversion
D)  conscientiousness

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.4.2 The Five-Factor Model

281.  People who are not judgmental tend to score ______ on conscientiousness and ______ on agreeableness.
A)  low, low
B)  high, low
C)  low, high
D)  high, high

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.4.2 The Five-Factor Model

282.  The number of traffic tickets drivers receive is inversely related to the Big Five factor of ______.
A)  agreeableness
B)  conscientiousness
C)  introversion
D)  neuroticism

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.4.2 The Five-Factor Model

283.  Among college students, the Big Five factor of conscientiousness is associated with ______ grades, and the factor of neuroticism is associated with ______ grades.
A)  lower, lower
B)  higher, lower
C)  lower, higher
D)  higher, higher

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.4.2 The Five-Factor Model

284.  From the trait theory perspective, healthy personality is mainly the result of ______.
A)  a creative self
B)  good genetic inheritance
C)  ego strength
D)  self-actualization

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.4.2 The Five-Factor Model

285.  Each of the following is true of trait theories EXCEPT ______.
A)  they have a natural appeal
B)  they fail to account for possible genetic influences in behavior
C)  they may lead to circular arguments that merely label behavior rather than explain it
D)  they fail to account for situational variability in behavior

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.4.4 Evaluation of Trait Theories

286.  In recent years, a growing consensus appears to be emerging that behavior reflects an interchange between traits dispositions and situational or environmental factors – a concept known as ______.
A)  exchange theory
B)  response theory
C)  interactionism
D)  multilateralism

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.4.4 Evaluation of Trait Theories

287.  The theory that focuses on the roles of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status in shaping personality is ______.
A)  psychodynamic theory
B)  sociocultural theory
C)  social-cognitive theory
D)  phenomenological theory

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  Module 2.5 - The Sociocultural Perspective

288.  A person who defines himself or herself in terms of personal traits, such as “I am artistic,” and gives priority to his or her own goals is labeled by sociocultural theorists to be a(n) ______.
A)  individualist
B)  collectivist
C)  socialist
D)  conformist

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  Module 2.5 - The Sociocultural Perspective

289.  A person who defines herself or himself in terms of relationships to other people, such as the groups to which she or he belongs, and gives priority to the group's goals is labeled by sociocultural theorists to be a(n) ______.
A)  individualist
B)  collectivist
C)  socialist
D)  conformist

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  Module 2.5 - The Sociocultural Perspective

290.  A person from ______ is MOST likely to be an individualist.
A)  Central America
B)  South America
C)  northern Europe
D)  Africa

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  Module 2.5 - The Sociocultural Perspective

291.  Individualism is most likely to be fostered by growing up in a ______ society.
A)  communist
B)  socialist
C)  cloistered
D)  capitalist

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.5.1 Individualism versus Collectivism

292.  Of the following groups of Americans, ______ show the most individualist cultural orientation.
A)  African Americans
B)  White Americans of European background
C)  Hispanic Americans
D)  Asian Americans

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.5.2 Sociocultural Factors and the Self

293.  African American girls are likely to be _______ European American girls are.
A)  not as aware of their appearance as
B)  not as happy with their appearance as
C)  as happy with their appearance as
D)  happier with their appearance than

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.5.2 Sociocultural Factors and the Self

294.  Maintaining a strong ethnic identification is linked to better psychological health among ______.
A)  neither immigrant nor ethnic minority groups
B)  immigrant but not ethnic minority groups
C)  ethnic minority but not immigrant groups
D)  both immigrant and ethnic minority groups

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.5.2 Sociocultural Factors and the Self

295.  The process by which immigrant or nondominant groups adapt to the social customs and expectations of the host country or dominant culture is called ______.
A)  acclimation
B)  transitional awareness
C)  acculturation
D)  sublimation

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.5.2 Sociocultural Factors and the Self

296.  The sociocultural perspective embraces a ______ view of personality than those associated with traditional psychological models.
A)  narrower
B)  less realistic
C)  less scientific
D)  broader

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.5.2 Sociocultural Factors and the Self

297.  ______ tests present respondents with a standardized group of test items in the form of a questionnaire.
A)  Projective
B)  Introspective
C)  Subjective
D)  Objective

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  Module 2.6 - Assessing Personality

298.  The MMPI is an example of a(n) ______ test.
A)  Projective
B)  Introspective
C)  Subjective
D)  Objective

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  Module 2.6 - Assessing Personality

299.  The single most widely used self-report personality inventory in the world is the ______.
A)  CPI
B)  Meyers-Briggs
C)  MMPI
D)  SCII

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  Module 2.6 - Assessing Personality

300.  Research has found that the MMPI is ______.
A)  neither valid nor reliable
B)  valid but not reliable
C)  reliable but not valid
D)  both reliable and valid

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  Module 2.6 - Assessing Personality

301.  In ______ tests, people are shown ambiguous stimuli such as inkblots or drawings and asked to say what they look like or tell stories about them.
A)  Projective
B)  Introspective
C)  Subjective
D)  Objective

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  Module 2.6 - Assessing Personality

302.  The Rorschach inkblot test is an example of a(n) ______ test.
A)  Projective
B)  Introspective
C)  Subjective
D)  Objective

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.6.1 Objective Personality Test

303.  The TAT is an example of a(n) ______ test.
A)  Projective
B)  Introspective
C)  Subjective
D)  Objective

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  2.6.2 Projective Personality Tests

304.  The TAT is widely used in research on ______.
A)  schizophrenia
B)  bipolar disorder
C)  motivation
D)  perceptual development

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.6.2 Projective Personality Tests

305.  Each of the following is true of Sigmund Freud EXCEPT ______.
A)  he has been lauded as the greatest thinker in the 20th century
B)  he has been criticized as an overrated false and faithless prophet
C)  he experienced lifelong psychologically related problems
D)  he lived an extremely liberal and promiscuous lifestyle

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

306.  Freud ______.
A)  chewed tobacco
B)  smoked a pack of cigarettes a day
C)  smoked 20 cigars a day
D)  drank a fifth of vodka a day

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

307.  Although born Jewish, Freud proclaimed himself to be ______.
A)  a Christian
B)  Buddhist
C)  Muslim
D)  an atheist

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

308.  Freud saw himself as _______.
A)  an outsider
B)  a prophet
C)  an average person
D)  a savior

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

309.  The psychologist known for originating the concept of an “identity crisis” is ______.
A)  Adler
B)  Jung
C)  Erikson
D)  Horney

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

310.  Erikson's term for a period of soul-searching about one's beliefs, values, and direction in life is ______.
A)  a role conflict
B)  role diffusion
C)  self-actualization
D)  an identity crisis

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

311.  During his first television appearance, when B. F. Skinner was asked whether he would burn his children or his books, if forced to choose, he responded _______.
A)  neither
B)  his books
C)  his children
D)  both

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

312.  The researcher known for his development of “programmed learning” techniques for children is ______.
A)  B. F. Skinner
B)  John B. Watson
C)  Ivan Pavlov
D)  Albert Bandura

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

313.  B. F. Skinner is most well-know to the literary community because of his book ______.
A)  Brave New World
B)  On Becoming a Person
C)  On Golden Pond
D)  Walden II

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

314.  In ______, a learner proceeds at her or his own pace to master a set of learning tasks, receiving reinforcement for completing each step in the series.
A)  classical conditioning
B)  programmed learning
C)  cognitive dissonance training
D)  insight learning

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

315.  Evidence indicates that ______.
A)  genes do not influence personality in any significant way
B)  genes influence personality by creating a predisposition of certain personality traits emerging
C)  genes determine personality traits and behavior patterns
D)  it is impossible to know if genes have an influence on personality

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  FActual
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

316.  Scientists believe that genes ______.
A)  have no effect on personality
B)  directly control the development of a few personality traits, but have no influence on the others
C)  create predispositions that certain personality traits and behaviors will emerge
D)  directly control the development of nearly all personality traits

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.4.2 The Five-Factor Model

317.  Researchers have found that the trait of novelty-seeking is linked to the neurotransmitter ______.
A)  serotonin
B)  dopamine
C)  acetylcholine
D)  norepinephrine

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.4.2 The Five-Factor Model

318.  The neurotransmitter dopamine is associated with ______ behavior in other animals.
A)  fear
B)  predatory
C)  withdrawal
D)  exploratory

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.4.2 The Five-Factor Model

319.  The process of adaptation in which immigrants and native groups identify with a new, dominant culture by learning about that culture and making changes in their behaviors and attitudes is called ______.
A)  acculturation
B)  actualization
C)  congruence
D)  ingratiation

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  2.5.3 The Healthy Personality

320.  Among immigrants, when comparing the self-esteem of those who are completely assimilated into the new culture, those who retain their old customs and never assimilate into the new culture, and those who become bicultural, keeping some traditions while also assimilating into the new culture, _____.
A)  there are no differences in the self-esteem of members of these three groups.
B)  those who completely assimilate have the highest self-esteem
C)  those who refuse to assimilate have the highest self-esteem
D)  those who become bicultural have the highest self-esteem

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.5.3 The Healthy Personality

321.  Among Latinos in the United States, higher levels of acculturation are associated with each of the following EXCEPT ______.
A)  increased risk of developing psychological disorders
B)  higher rates of sexual intercourse among teens
C)  higher levels of depression among Mexican Americans
D)  increased risk of smoking among adolescents

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.5.3 The Healthy Personality

322.  Being bicultural is linked to higher self esteem among ______ adolescents.
A)  neither Asian American nor Hispanic American
B)  Asian American, but not Hispanic American
C)  Hispanic American, but not Asian American
D)  both Hispanic American and Asian American

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  2.5.3 The Healthy Personality

True/False

323.  Sigmund Freud was trained as a psychologist.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

324.  According to psychodynamic theory, the human mind is like a vast submerged iceberg, only the tip of which rises above the surface into awareness.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

325.  Most of the ego is unconscious.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

326.  The ego is driven by the pleasure principle.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

327.  Freud believed that children encounter conflict during each stage of development.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

328.  Adler, Jung, and Erikson all believed that Freud had placed too much emphasis on sexuality.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

329.  Jung emphasized the importance of birth order in shaping personality.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

330.  Erikson theorized that there are eight stages of psychosexual development.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

331.  For Erikson, the goal of adolescence is to attain ego identity.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

332.  Skinner is noted to have equated psychological health with the abilities to love and work.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  2.1.3 The Healthy Personality

333.  According to behaviorists, we may believe we have freedom of choice, but our preferences and choices are forced on us by the environment.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

334.  Reflexes are learned.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

335.  Ivan Pavlov discovered operant conditioning by accident.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

336.  Extinction is adaptive.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

337.  The definition of reinforcement relies on "mentalistic" assumptions about what a person or lower organism finds  pleasant or unpleasant.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

338.  Social approval is a primary reinforcer.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

339.  Punishment and negative reinforcement are essentially the same thing

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

340.  Negative reinforcement can rapidly suppress undesired behavior.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

341.  Punishment can rapidly suppress undesired behavior.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

342.  Operant conditioning is just a laboratory procedure.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

343.  Social-cognitive theory focuses on the importance of learning by observation.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  2.2.2 Social-Cognitive Theory

344.  People can make themselves miserable by encoding stimuli in self-defeating ways.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  2.2.2 Social-Cognitive Theory

345.  We are more motivated to tackle difficult tasks if we believe we shall succeed at them.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  2.2.2 Social-Cognitive Theory

346.  If self-efficacy is too high, it can lead to overconfidence which can handicap performance.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  2.2.2 Social-Cognitive Theory

347.  Self-regulation minimizes our opportunities for influencing our environment.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  2.2.2 Social-Cognitive Theory

348.  Behaviorists typically speak in terms of a healthy personality.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  2.2.3 The Healthy Personality

349.  Learning theories often fail to give enough attention to the influence of heredity.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  2.2.4 Evaluation of Learning Theories

350.  Freud saw all motivation as stemming from the ego.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  2.3.1 Abraham Maslow and the Challenge of Self-Actualization

351.  Maslow saw all levels of needs as equally valid and real.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  2.3.1 Abraham Maslow and the Challenge of Self-Actualization

352.  To Rogers, the sense of self is learned through early experiences.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  2.3.2 Carl Roger's Self Theory

353.  We all have unique ways of looking at ourselves and at the world outside.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  2.3.2 Carl Roger's Self Theory

354.  Rogers, unlike Maslow, saw each of us as having a unique potential.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  2.3.2 Carl Roger's Self Theory

355.  The greatest value of the humanistic approach may also be its greatest weakness.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  2.3.4 Evaluation of Humanistic Theory

356.  Traits are remarkably unstable elements of personality

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  Module 2.4 - Trait Theories

357.  Research suggests that our personalities tend to mature rather than be shaped by environmental conditions.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  Module 2.4 - Trait Theories

358.  Virtually all modern researchers accept the “big five” model.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  2.4.2 The Five-Factor Model

359.  Trait theory is mainly descriptive.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  2.4.2 The Five-Factor Model

360.  The United States and many northern European nations tend to be individualistic.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  Module 2.5 - The Sociocultural Perspective

361.  Self-esteem has been linked to patterns of acculturation among immigrants.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  2.5.3 The Healthy Personality

362.  Most of us belong to groups that have experienced or are currently experiencing discrimination.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  2.5.3 The Healthy Personality

363.  Personality tests are the only ways of accurately assessing personality.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  2.5.3 The Healthy Personality

364.  Behavior-rating scales are the most frequently used psychological tests.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  Module 2.6 - Assessing Personality

365.  Objective tests present respondents with a standardized group of test items in the form of a questionnaire.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  Module 2.6 - Assessing Personality

366.  Rorschach is the best known projective personality test.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  2.6.2 Projective Personality Tests

367.  There is usually a single correct response to a Rorschach inkblot.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  2.6.2 Projective Personality Tests

Essay

368.  Explain Freud's “iceberg” view of consciousness, identifying each level of consciousness and explaining its functions.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

369.  Identify the three psychic structures in Freud's personality theory and how each structure functions.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

370.  Identify and briefly explain, and give an example of, 5 of the defense mechanisms proposed by Sigmund Freud.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

371.  Identify the stages of Freud's theory of psychosexual development and describe what happens at each stage.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  2.1.1 Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

372.  Briefly explain the views of the various neo-Freudians in terms of their major concepts and how they differed from Freud.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

373.  Explain Erikson's view of development, identifying each of his stages of development and the life crisis characterizing that stage.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  2.1.2 Other Psychodynamic Theorists

374.  Summarize the elements that psychodynamic theorists feel are essential for a person to have a healthy personality.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  2.1.3 The Healthy Personality

375.  Discuss the views of the behaviorists in terms of their focus and how they differ from the other personality perspectives.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

376.  Explain how classical conditioning works. In your explanation, be sure to briefly discuss what extinction and spontaneous recovery are.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

377.  Explain how operant conditioning works and discuss the differences among positive and negative reinforcers, primary and secondary reinforcers, and punishment.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  2.2.1 Behaviorism

378.  Describe the views of social-cognitive theorists in terms of their focus, concepts, and how they differ from the other personality perspectives.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  2.2.2 Social-Cognitive Theory

379.  Summarize the elements that social-cognitive theorists believe are necessary for a person to have a healthy personality.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  2.2.3 The Healthy Personality

380.  Describe the views of humanistic theorists in terms of their focus and common features, and how they differ from the other personality theories.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  Module 2.3 - Humanistic Theory

381.  Explain the major ideas of Abraham Maslow's theory of personality.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  2.3.1 Abraham Maslow and the Challenge of Self-Actualization

382.  Explain the major ideas of Carl Rogers' self theory.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  2.3.2 Carl Roger's Self Theory

383.  Summarize the elements that humanistic theorists believe are essential for a person to have a healthy personality.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  2.3.3 The Healthy Personality

384.  Discuss the views of trait theorists in terms of their focus and how they differ from the other personality perspectives.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  Module 2.4 - Trait Theories

385.  Explain what the “five-factor” model is, briefly describing each of the five factors in the model and discussing how the model is currently being used.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  2.4.2 The Five-Factor Model

386.  Summarize the elements that trait theorists feel are necessary for a person to have a healthy personality.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  2.4.3 The Healthy Personality

387.  Describe the views of sociocultural theorists in terms of their focus and common features, and how they differ from the other personality theories.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  Module 2.5 - The Sociocultural Perspective

388.  Summarize the elements that sociocultural theorists believe are essential for a person to have a healthy personality.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  2.5.3 The Healthy Personality

389.  Compare and contrast objective tests with projective tests.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  Module 2.6 - Assessing Personality