Exam
Name___________________________________

SHORT ANSWER.  Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 

Figure 1.1

Using Figure 1.1, match the following cavities

1) 

Thoracic cavity. 

1)  

_____________ 

2) 

Cranial cavity. 

2)  

_____________ 

3) 

Abdominal cavity. 

3)  

_____________ 

4) 

Vertebral cavity. 

4)  

_____________ 

Figure 1.2

Using Figure 1.2, match the following regions

5) 

Input. 

5)  

_____________ 

6) 

Receptor. 

6)  

_____________ 

7) 

Output. 

7)  

_____________ 

8) 

Stimulus. 

8)  

_____________ 

9) 

Response. 

9)  

_____________ 

MATCHING.  Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1. 

Match the following systems to their functions

10) 

Directly causes mechanical motion. 

A) 

Integumentary 

10) 

______ 

11) 

Responds to environmental changes by transmitting electrical impulses. 

B) 

Muscular 

11) 

______ 

C) 

Skeletal 

12) 

Provides support and levers for muscles to pull 

12) 

______ 

D) 

Nervous 

13) 

Protects underlying organs from environmental damage and synthesizes vitamin D. 

13) 

______ 

Match the following systems to their functions

14) 

Controls the body with chemical molecules called hormones. 

A) 

Lymphatic 

14) 

______ 

B) 

Cardiovascular 

15) 

Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues. 

15) 

______ 

C) 

Endocrine 

16) 

Produces antibodies that attach to foreign substances. 

D) 

Immune 

16) 

______ 

17) 

Removes and filters excess fluid from tissues. 

17) 

______ 

Match the following examples of feedback mechanisms

18) 

Used for changes in blood glucose levels 

A) 

Negative feedback 

18) 

______ 

B) 

Positive feedback 

19) 

Used for changes in blood pressure 

19) 

______ 

20) 

Used for blood clotting 

20) 

______ 

21) 

Used for childbirth 

21) 

______ 

Match the following systems and organs

22) 

Arteries, veins, heart. 

A) 

Digestive 

22) 

______ 

23) 

Trachea, bronchi, alveoli. 

B) 

Respiratory 

23) 

______ 

24) 

Adrenal glands, pancreas, pituitary. 

C) 

Cardiovascular 

24) 

______ 

25) 

Esophagus, large intestine, rectum. 

D) 

Urinary 

25) 

______ 

26) 

Kidneys, bladder, ureters. 

E) 

Endocrine 

26) 

______ 

 

Match the following cavities and organs

27) 

Stomach. 

A) 

Abdominopelvic 

27) 

______ 

28) 

Heart. 

B) 

Thoracic 

28) 

______ 

29) 

Uterus. 

C) 

Crania 

29) 

______ 

30) 

Brain. 

30) 

______ 

31) 

Lungs. 

31) 

______ 

Match the following regional terms and common terms

32) 

Arm. 

A) 

Gluteal 

32) 

______ 

33) 

Buttock 

B) 

Thoracic 

33) 

______ 

34) 

Head 

C) 

Cephalic 

34) 

______ 

35) 

Knee (anterior aspect) 

D) 

Patellar 

35) 

______ 

36) 

Chest. 

E) 

Brachial 

36) 

______ 

 

Match the regional/directional terms and examples

37) 

The bridge of the nose is ________ to the left eye. 

A) 

Medial 

37) 

______ 

B) 

Lateral 

38) 

The upper arm is ________ to the forearm. 

38) 

______ 

C) 

Anterior 

39) 

The lungs are ________ to the heart. 

D) 

Proximal 

39) 

______ 

40) 

The fingers are ________ to the wrist. 

E) 

Distal 

40) 

______ 

41) 

The stomach is ________ to the spine. 

41) 

______ 

TRUE/FALSE.  Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 

42) 

Positive feedback mechanisms tend to enhance the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated. 

42) 

______ 

43) 

Imaging is useful in discovering obstructed blood supplies in organs and tissues. 

43) 

______ 

44) 

The anatomical position means the body is standing at attention with the palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body. 

44) 

______ 

45) 

The elbow is proximal to the shoulder. 

45) 

______ 

46) 

The part of the serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity wall is called visceral peritoneum. 

46) 

______ 

47) 

A major function of serous membranes is to decrease friction. 

47) 

______ 

48) 

The right hypochondriac region contains the majority of the stomach. 

48) 

______ 

49) 

Lungs carry out an excretory function. 

49) 

______ 

50) 

Embryology concerns the structural changes that occur in an individual from conception through old age. 

50) 

______ 

51) 

A tissue consists of groups of similar cells that have a common function. 

51) 

______ 

52) 

It is important for any organism to maintain its boundaries, so that its internal environment remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it. 

52) 

______ 

53) 

Without some sort of negative feedback mechanism, it would be impossible to keep our body chemistry in balance. 

53) 

______ 

54) 

. Responsiveness or irritability is the ability to sense changes in the environment and then respond to them. 

54) 

______ 

55) 

The epigastric region is superior to the umbilical region. 

55) 

______ 

MULTIPLE CHOICE.  Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 

56) 

Histology would be best defined as a study of ________. 

56) 

______ 

A) 

cells 

B) 

tissues 

C) 

the gross structures of the body 

D) 

cell chemistry 

57) 

The study of large body structures, visible to the naked eye, such as the heart is called ________ anatomy. 

57) 

______ 

A) 

developmental 

B) 

microscopic 

C) 

systemic 

D) 

gross 

58) 

An increased rate of breathing as a result of an increased buildup of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream would be best described as an example of ________. 

58) 

______ 

A) 

excretion of metabolic waste 

B) 

responsiveness 

C) 

maintaining boundaries 

D) 

metabolism 

59) 

Average body temperature is ________ degrees centigrade. 

59) 

______ 

A) 

47 

B) 

37 

C) 

68 

D) 

98 

60) 

If you consider your home air conditioner in terms of homeostasis, then the wall thermostat would be the ________. 

60) 

______ 

A) 

effector 

B) 

variable 

C) 

control center 

D) 

receptor 

61) 

What is the main, general purpose of negative feedback? 

61) 

______ 

A) 

to maintain homeostasis 

B) 

to keep the body's blood sugar level high 

C) 

to regulate excretion via the kidneys 

D) 

to control body movement 

62) 

What is the regional term for the hip region? 

62) 

______ 

A) 

manus 

B) 

coxal 

C) 

pedal 

D) 

inguinal 

63) 

An oblique cut is one that is cut ________. 

63) 

______ 

A) 

diagonally between vertical and horizontal planes 

B) 

vertically right and left 

C) 

horizontally  superior and inferior 

D) 

perpendicular to vertical and horizontal planes 

64) 

The heart lies in the ________ cavity. 

64) 

______ 

A) 

dorsal 

B) 

pericardial 

C) 

pleural 

D) 

superior mediastinal 

65) 

The cavities housing the eyes are called ________ cavities. 

65) 

______ 

A) 

cranial 

B) 

nasal 

C) 

orbital 

D) 

frontal 

66) 

A structure that is composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific functions for the body is a(n) ________. 

66) 

______ 

A) 

complex tissue 

B) 

complex cell 

C) 

organ 

D) 

organ system 

67) 

________ cavities are spaces within joints. 

67) 

______ 

A) 

Nasal 

B) 

Synovial 

C) 

Oral 

D) 

Orbital 

68) 

Which of the following would not be a functional characteristic of life? 

68) 

______ 

A) 

decay 

B) 

responsiveness to external stimuli 

C) 

maintenance of boundaries 

D) 

movement 

69) 

Which term means toward or at the back of the body, behind? 

69) 

______ 

A) 

distal 

B) 

lateral 

C) 

anterior 

D) 

dorsal 

70) 

The single most abundant chemical substance of the body, accounting for 60% to 80% of body weight, is ________. 

70) 

______ 

A) 

hydrogen 

B) 

water 

C) 

oxygen 

D) 

protein 

71) 

The posterior knee area is called ________. 

71) 

______ 

A) 

antecubital 

B) 

sural 

C) 

popliteal 

D) 

crural 

72) 

Which of the following statements is true concerning feedback mechanisms? 

72) 

______ 

A) 

Negative feedback mechanisms tend to increase the original stimulus. 

B) 

Negative feedback mechanisms work to prevent sudden severe changes within the body. 

C) 

Positive feedback mechanisms always result in excessive damage to the host. 

D) 

Blood glucose levels are regulated by positive feedback mechanisms. 

73) 

The anatomical position is characterized by all of the following except ________. 

73) 

______ 

A) 

body erect 

B) 

thumbs pointed laterally 

C) 

palms turned posteriorly 

D) 

arms at sides 

74) 

A good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be ________. 

74) 

______ 

A) 

body temperature regulation 

B) 

blood calcium level regulation 

C) 

enhancement of labor contractions 

D) 

regulating glucose levels in the blood 

75) 

Which of the following describes a parasagittal plane? 

75) 

______ 

A) 

two cuts dividing the body into left and right halves 

B) 

any cut dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions 

C) 

a transverse cut just above the knees 

D) 

any sagittal plane except in the midline 

76) 

Which of the following organs or structures would be found in the left iliac region? 

76) 

______ 

A) 

liver 

B) 

stomach 

C) 

intestines 

D) 

appendix 

77) 

The parietal pleura would represent a serous membrane ________. 

77) 

______ 

A) 

covering the heart 

B) 

lining the thoracic cavity 

C) 

covering individual lungs 

D) 

lining the abdominal cavity 

78) 

Which one of the following systems responds fastest to environmental stimuli? 

78) 

______ 

A) 

nervous 

B) 

muscular 

C) 

immune 

D) 

lymphatic 

79) 

Choose the anatomical topic and definition that is not correctly matched. 

79) 

______ 

A) 

Gross anatomy study of structures visible to the eye. 

B) 

Microscopic anatomy study of structures too small to be seen by the naked eye. 

C) 

Embryology study of the changes in an individual from conception to birth. 

D) 

Cytology study of the structures in a particular region. 

80) 

Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains ________. 

80) 

______ 

A) 

a static state with no deviation from preset points 

B) 

a relatively stable internal environment, within limits 

C) 

a dynamic state within an unlimited range, depending on circumstances 

D) 

the lowest possible energy usage 

81) 

In which body cavities are the lungs located? 

81) 

______ 

A) 

mediastinal, thoracic, and ventral 

B) 

pleural, ventral, and thoracic 

C) 

pleural, dorsal, and abdominal 

D) 

pericardial, ventral, and thoracic 

82) 

Choose the following statement that is not completely correct regarding serous membranes. 

82) 

______ 

A) 

Serous membranes are divided into parietal and visceral membranes with a virtual space between the two. 

B) 

Serosa are very thin, double-layered structures. 

C) 

Serous membranes secrete a watery lubricating fluid. 

D) 

Visceral pericardium covers the outer surface of the heart, and parietal pericardium lines the internal walls of the heart. 

83) 

Place the following in correct sequence from simplest to most complex
1.	molecules
2.	atoms
3.	tissues
4.	cells
5.	organs 

83) 

______ 

A) 

1-2-4-3-5 

B) 

2-1-3-4-5 

C) 

1-2-3-4-5 

D) 

2-1-4-3-5 

84) 

Which of the following imaging devices would best localize a tumor in a person's brain? 

84) 

______ 

A) 

DSA 

B) 

MRI 

C) 

X ray 

D) 

PET 

85) 

Which of these is not part of the dorsal cavity? 

85) 

______ 

A) 

cranial cavity 

B) 

spinal cord 

C) 

thoracic cavity 

D) 

vertebral cavity 

86) 

In which quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity is the stomach located? 

86) 

______ 

A) 

left lower quadrant 

B) 

right lower quadrant 

C) 

right upper quadrant 

D) 

left upper quadrant 

87) 

Which of the following statements is the most correct regarding homeostatic imbalance? 

87) 

______ 

A) 

The internal environment is becoming more stable. 

B) 

Negative feedback mechanisms are functioning normally. 

C) 

Positive feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed. 

D) 

It is considered the cause of most diseases. 

88) 

Which of the following are subdivisions of anatomy? 

88) 

______ 

A) 

gross, macroscopic, visual, and microscopic 

B) 

regional, systemic, and surface 

C) 

regional, surface, visual, and microscopic 

D) 

gross, regional, dissection, and surface 

89) 

The term pollex refers to the ________. 

89) 

______ 

A) 

thumb 

B) 

great toe 

C) 

calf 

D) 

fingers 

90) 

The dorsal body cavity is the site of which of the following? 

90) 

______ 

A) 

intestines 

B) 

liver 

C) 

brain 

D) 

lungs 

91) 

Select the most correct statement. 

91) 

______ 

A) 

The endocrine system is not a true structural organ system. 

B) 

Organ systems can be composed of cells or tissues, but not both. 

C) 

Organ systems operate independently of each other to maintain life. 

D) 

The immune system is closely associated with the lymphatic system. 

92) 

One of the functional characteristics of life is excitability or responsiveness. This refers to ________. 

92) 

______ 

A) 

the necessity for all organisms to reproduce 

B) 

indigestible food residues stimulating the excretory system 

C) 

the nervous system causing all living things to sometimes experience anger 

D) 

sensing changes in the environment and then reacting or responding to them 

93) 

Which of the following are survival needs of the body? 

93) 

______ 

A) 

nutrients, water, movement, and reproduction 

B) 

water, atmospheric pressure, growth, and movement 

C) 

nutrients, water, growth, and reproduction 

D) 

nutrients, water, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen 

94) 

The anatomical position is used ________. 

94) 

______ 

A) 

as a standard reference point for directional terms regardless of the actual position of the body 

B) 

for proper placement of a patient or a cadaver upon an operating table in order to reach all major organs 

C) 

only when a body is lying down one one's back rather than stomach 

D) 

rarely, because people don't usually assume this position during waking moments 

95) 

What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into left and right, called? 

95) 

______ 

A) 

sagittal 

B) 

transverse 

C) 

frontal 

D) 

regional 

96) 

What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior regions called? 

96) 

______ 

A) 

median 

B) 

frontal 

C) 

transverse 

D) 

sagittal 

97) 

The body cavities that protect the nervous system are located in the ____ cavity. 

97) 

______ 

A) 

dorsal 

B) 

cranial 

C) 

vertebral 

D) 

ventral 

E) 

thoracic 

98) 

Which of the following describes the operation of the heart and blood vessels? 

98) 

______ 

A) 

systemic physiology 

B) 

cardiovascular anatomy 

C) 

cardiovascular physiology 

D) 

systemic anatomy 

SHORT ANSWER.  Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 

99) 

Similar cells that have a common function are called ________. 

99)  

_____________ 

100) 

What does the "principle of complementarity of structures and function" mean? 

100)  

____________ 

101) 

The term that describes the back of the elbow is ________. 

101)  

____________ 

102) 

The term that describes the neck region is ________. 

102)  

____________ 

103) 

The heart is ________ to the arm. 

103)  

____________ 

104) 

The ________ cavity contains tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the organ of hearing in the inner ear. 

104)  

____________ 

105) 

________ is explained by chemical and physical principles and is concerned with the function of specific organs or organic systems. 

105)  

____________ 

106) 

What is a dynamic equilibrium of your internal environment termed? 

106)  

____________ 

107) 

Which cavity contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum? 

107)  

____________ 

108) 

What is the serous membrane that covers the intestines called? 

108)  

____________ 

109) 

________ physiology concerns urine production and kidney function. 

109)  

____________ 

110) 

What broad term covers all chemical reactions that occur within the body cells? 

110)  

____________ 

111) 

What is the function of the serous membranes? 

111)  

____________ 

112) 

Fully describe the anatomical position for the human body. 

112)  

____________ 

113) 

What does gross anatomy study? 

113)  

____________ 

114) 

Can lungs carry out excretory functions? Explain your answer. 

114)  

____________ 

115) 

The higher we go in the mountains, the greater the atmospheric pressure, resulting in an increase in available oxygen. Comment on this statement. 

115)  

____________ 

116) 

Why is anatomical terminology necessary? 

116)  

____________ 

117) 

The five unique cavities of the head are cranial, oral, nasal, middle ear, and ________. 

117)  

____________ 

118) 

The ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them is called ________. 

118)  

____________ 

119) 

What is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body? 

119)  

____________ 

120) 

Why must a normal body temperature be maintained in order for chemical reactions to be continued at life-sustaining rates? 

120)  

____________ 

121) 

What is the pathway between the receptor and the control center in the reflex pathway called? 

121)  

____________ 

122) 

What type of homeostatic feedback reflex is the withdrawal reflex? 

122)  

____________ 

123) 

Why are the abdominopelvic cavity organs the most vulnerable to blunt deceleration in an automobile accident with seat belts? 

123)  

____________ 

124) 

What is the goal of all of the negative feedback mechanisms of the body? 

124)  

____________ 

125) 

Which feedback mechanism causes the variable to deviate further and further from its original value or range? 

125)  

____________ 

126) 

What can happen when the usual negative feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed and destructive positive feedback mechanisms take over? 

126)  

____________ 

127) 

Which body system would be most affected by a lower than normal atmospheric pressure? 

127)  

____________ 

ESSAY.  Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 

128) 

A small family was traveling in its van and had a minor accident. The children in the back seats were wearing lap belts, but still sustained numerous bruises about the abdomen, and had some internal organ injuries. Why is this area more vulnerable to damage than others? 

129) 

Steve was injured in a football accident. X-ray examination showed a fracture underlying his left brachial deformity. What part of his body was injured? 

130) 

Judy is 16 years old and collapses on the gym floor with severe pain in her chest wall every time she takes a deep breath. She is rushed by ambulance to the emergency room. Judy is diagnosed with pleurisy and is given an anti-inflammatory drug through the intravenous route. Explain why an anti-inflammatory drug would be prescribed for someone with pleurisy. 

131) 

Sara is giving birth to her first child. She is concerned that her labor is taking longer than she thought it would. Why does giving birth usually take time for the contractions to proceed to the point when the child is born? 

132) 

The nurse charted "Patient has an open wound located on lateral aspect of leg." Describe where the wound is located. 

 

1) 

C 

2) 

A 

3) 

D 

4) 

B 

5) 

C 

6) 

B 

7) 

D 

8) 

A 

9) 

E 

10) 

B 

11) 

D 

12) 

C 

13) 

A 

14) 

C 

15) 

B 

16) 

D 

17) 

A 

18) 

A 

19) 

A 

20) 

B 

21) 

B 

22) 

C 

23) 

B 

24) 

E 

25) 

A 

26) 

D 

27) 

A 

28) 

B 

29) 

A 

30) 

C 

31) 

B 

32) 

E 

33) 

A 

34) 

C 

35) 

D 

36) 

B 

37) 

A 

38) 

D 

39) 

B 

40) 

E 

41) 

C 

42) 

TRUE 

43) 

TRUE 

44) 

TRUE 

45) 

FALSE 

46) 

FALSE 

47) 

TRUE 

48) 

FALSE 

49) 

TRUE 

50) 

FALSE 

51) 

TRUE 

52) 

TRUE 

53) 

TRUE 

54) 

TRUE 

55) 

TRUE 

56) 

B 

57) 

D 

58) 

A 

59) 

B 

60) 

C 

61) 

A 

62) 

B 

63) 

A 

64) 

B 

65) 

C 

66) 

C 

67) 

B 

68) 

A 

69) 

D 

70) 

B 

71) 

C 

72) 

B 

73) 

C 

74) 

C 

75) 

D 

76) 

C 

77) 

B 

78) 

A 

79) 

D 

80) 

B 

81) 

B 

82) 

D 

83) 

D 

84) 

B 

85) 

C 

86) 

D 

87) 

D 

88) 

B 

89) 

A 

90) 

C 

91) 

D 

92) 

D 

93) 

D 

94) 

A 

95) 

A 

96) 

B 

97) 

A 

98) 

C 

99) 

tissues 

100) 

What a structure can do depends on its specific form, or "structure determines function." 

101) 

olecranal 

102) 

cervical 

103) 

medial 

104) 

middle ear 

105) 

Physiology 

106) 

homeostasis 

107) 

pelvic 

108) 

visceral peritoneum 

109) 

Renal 

110) 

metabolism 

111) 

They act to reduce friction and allow the organs to slide across cavity walls. 

112) 

The body is erect, arms hanging at the sides, palms forward, and thumbs pointed away from the midline. 

113) 

Larger structures of the body that can be seen with the naked eye. 

114) 

Yes, carbon dioxide is a metabolic waste the lungs excrete. 

115) 

At high altitudes, the atmospheric pressure is less than at lower levels resulting in a decrease in oxygen levels. The lower oxygen levels may be inadequate to support cellular metabolism. 

116) 

Anatomical terms are precise words that have limited usage, which prevents confusion when describing the location of body parts. 

117) 

orbital 

118) 

responsiveness or excitability 

119) 

water 

120) 

If body temperature is too low, chemical reactions slow and eventually stop. If body temperature is too high, chemical reactions speed up and body proteins lose their normal shape, resulting in loss of function. 

121) 

afferent pathway 

122) 

negative 

123) 

The walls of the abdominal cavity are formed only by trunk muscles and are not reinforced by bone. The pelvic organs receive a somewhat greater degree of protection from the bony pelvis. 

124) 

The goal is to prevent sudden severe changes within the body. 

125) 

positive feedback 

126) 

Homeostatic imbalances increase our risk for illness and produce the changes we associate with aging. 

127) 

respiratory system 

128) 

The abdominal organs are the least protected in the body because they are not surrounded by a bony covering such as the ribs, pelvis, or cranium. 

129) 

His left upper arm 

130) 

The pleural space contains a small amount of fluid that acts as a lubricant, allowing the pleurae to slide smoothly over each other as the lungs expand and contract. Pleurisy is an inflammation of the pleura around the lungs. When inflammation occurs in the pleural space, the pleurae do not slide smoothly and this causes severe pain that is more directly transmitted by the parietal than the visceral pleura. 

131) 

Childbirth is based on the increasing levels of oxytocin that cause the uterine contractions. Under positive feedback, oxytocin levels increase which results in increasing strong contractions by the upper uterus that will ultimately result in the birth of the child. But this positive feedback needs numerous contraction cycles to overcome the muscular resistance to stretching in the lower uterus in order for the head to pass. 

132) 

The wound is located on the outer side of the leg, the peroneal or fibular area.