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Chapter: Chapter 01: Introduction and Historical Overview

Multiple Choice

1.  Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of stigma?
A)  A label applied to a group of people that distinguishes them from others.
B)  A label applied to a group of people that breaks the law.
C)  The label is linked to deviant or undesirable attributes of society.
D)  People with the label face unfair discrimination.

Ans:  B
Difficulty:  Easy
Page:  3
Section:  Intro
Type:  Factual

2.  Mental illness in the 21st century
A)  is conceptualized mostly from a psychoanalytic perspective.
B)  remains stigmatized.
C)  is largely treated by the cathartic method.
D)  is seldom treated with psychotherapy.

Ans:  B
Difficulty:  Easy
Page:  3
Section:  Intro
Type:  Factual

3.  Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text as a strategic area for fighting against stigma?
A)  policy and legislation.
B)  the mental health and health professions.
C)  individual and family.
D)  All of the above are mentioned as strategic areas for fighting stigma.

Ans:  D
Difficulty:  Easy
Page:  4
Section:  Intro—Focus on Discovery 1.1
Type:  Factual

4.  The best definition of mental disorder takes all of the following into account EXCEPT
A)  personal distress.
B)  violations of norms.
C)  disability.
D)  syndromes.

Ans:  D
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  4
Section:  Defining Mental Disorder
Type:  Factual

5.  Defining mental disorder on the basis of personal distress is problematic for which reason?
A)  High levels of distress and suffering are normal in modern society.
B)  Some behaviors of mental disorder do not involve personal distress.
C)  It ignores suffering that family members of disturbed people experience.
D)  It does not apply to physiological disorders.

Ans:  B
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  5-6
Section:  Defining Mental Disorder
Type:  Factual

6.  Which is a limitation of “harmful dysfunctions” as a definition of mental disorder?
A)  It ignores the personal suffering of disturbed individuals.
B)  Many dysfunctional mechanisms are not harmful.
C)  Harmful dysfunctions also have an impact on others.
D)  The dysfunctional mechanisms are largely unknown.

Ans:  B
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  7
Section:  Defining Mental Disorder
Type:  Factual

7.  Variations in cultural background make it difficult to define mental disorder as simply behavior which
A)  involves a deviation from social norms.
B)  leads to dysfunction.
C)  improves after therapy.
D)  causes personal distress.

Ans:  B
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  7
Section:  Defining Mental Disorder
Type:  Factual

8.  Cindy is an accomplished lawyer who sought psychological help in dealing with the stresses of balancing work and family responsibilities. Which definition of mental disorder applies to Cindy?
A)  harmful dysfunction.
B)  violation of social norms.
C)  personal distress.
D)  disability.

Ans:  C
Difficulty:  Easy
Page:  5-6
Section:  Defining Mental Disorder
Type:  Applied

9.  After presenting characteristics of mental disorder, the text concludes that
A)  research is needed to identify which characteristic is best.
B)  different characteristics apply to various psychopathologies.
C)  personal distress is the most useful characteristic.
D)  together the characteristics give a partial definition of abnormality.

Ans:  D
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  7
Section:  Defining Mental Disorder
Type:  Factual

10.  Demonology is the
A)  practice of exorcism.
B)  devil worship and satanic cults that some ascribed to causing mental illness.
C)  idea that an evil being may live in a person and control his or her mind and body.
D)  practice of drilling a hole in a person's head to allow evil spirits to escape.

Ans:  C
Difficulty:  Easy
Page:  9
Section:  History of Psychopathology
Type:  Factual

11.  Hippocrates' early views on mental health contributed to an enduring emphasis on
A)  natural causes.
B)  spirituality.
C)  humors.
D)  classification.

Ans:  A
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  9
Section:  History of Psychopathology
Type:  Factual

12.  Hippocrates suggested which of the following treatments for mental illness?
A)  application of leaches.
B)  herbal remedies.
C)  prayer and chants by faith healers.
D)  relaxation and care in choosing foods.

Ans:  D
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  9
Section:  History of Psychopathology
Type:  Factual

13.  Hippocrates influenced psychology by
A)  distinguishing medicine from religion and magic.
B)  debunking the notion that the four humors were related to disorders.
C)  reforming mental hospitals.
D)  suggesting mental illness was punishment from God.

Ans:  A
Difficulty:  Easy
Page:  9
Section:  History of Psychopathology
Type:  Factual

14.  Which of the following best describes treatment of disordered people during the Dark Ages?
A)  Monks in monasteries prayed over them.
B)  They were chained in early asylums.
C)  They were condemned as witches and tortured.
D)  They were given bed rest, fed simple foods, and forced to subscribe to clean living.

Ans:  A
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  10
Section:  History of Psychopathology
Type:  Factual

15.  Edith was accused of being a witch in 1532. She most likely lived in
A)  Russia.
B)  China.
C)  Europe.
D)  Japan.

Ans:  C
Difficulty:  Easy
Page:  10
Section:  History of Psychopathology
Type:  Applied

16.  The 'Malleus Maleficarum' was a
A)  witch hunt manual.
B)  ceremonial guide used by witches.
C)  treatment manual used in early mental hospitals.
D)  Freudian perspective on mental illness.

Ans:  A
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  10
Section:  History of Psychopathology
Type:  Factual

17.  Which of the following suggests that many "witches" condemned during the Inquisition were, in fact, mentally disordered individuals?
A)  The inquisitors themselves read letters from witches.
B)  The witches were typically from lower social classes.
C)  The witches "confessed" to delusions and hallucinations.
D)  The witches were labeled insane by the courts of the times.

Ans:  C
Difficulty:  Easy
Page:  10
Section:  History of Psychopathology
Type:  Factual

18.  A detailed re-examination of the witch hunts during the Middle Ages revealed that
A)  Most of the accused were not mentally ill.
B)  Mental illness was more common during that time period.
C)  Most witches were psychotic.
D)  Many more men than women were accused, tortured and put to death.

Ans:  A
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  10
Section:  History of Psychopathology
Type:  Factual

19.  Through the use of modern analyses, it was found that the majority of the witches of the latter Middle Ages were psychotic because
A)  they were delusional.
B)  they actively hallucinated.
C)  both a and b.
D)  None of the above is correct; the majority of these witches are now thought to have not been psychotic.

Ans:  D
Difficulty:  Hard
Page:  10
Section:  History of Psychopathology
Type:  Factual

20.  The word 'lunacy' comes from a theory espoused by Paracelsus, who attributed odd behavior to
A)  the effects of a full moon.
B)  drinking the witches brew.
C)  a misalignment of the moon and stars.
D)  witchcraft.

Ans:  C
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  11
Section:  History of Psychopathology
Type:  Factual

21.  Early asylums were developed
A)  for the confinement and care of the mentally ill.
B)  to protect people from witch hunts.
C)  after the discovery of syphilis.
D)  centuries before leprosy hospitals.

Ans:  A
Difficulty:  Easy
Page:  11
Section:  History of Psychopathology
Type:  Factual

22.  Some of the first asylums for the mentally ill
A)  performed lobotomies on patients.
B)  were associated with medical care, and thus were more humane.
C)  relied heavily on talk therapy.
D)  were tourist attractions.

Ans:  D
Difficulty:  Easy
Page:  11
Section:  History of Psychopathology
Type:  Factual

23.  Bedlam
A)  originated from observations of ritualistic chantings of 'witches'.
B)  was a common practice of witches that involved trances and casting spells.
C)  is the term associated with the chaotic conditions at early asylums.
D)  is the practice of prescribing total bed rest for mentally ill people.

Ans:  C
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  11
Section:  History of Psychopathology
Type:  Applied

24.  In 1791, John was committed to an asylum in the United States.  Which treatment was he likely to experience there?
A)  a form of group therapy
B)  bloodletting
C)  moral treatment
D)  hypnosis

Ans:  B
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  11
Section:  History of Psychopathology
Type:  Factual

25.  Who is associated with creating more humane environments at mental hospitals?
A)  Emil Kraepelin
B)  Joseph Breuer
C)  Philippe Pinel
D)  John Watson

Ans:  C
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  12
Section:  History of Psychopathology
Type:  Factual

26.  Treatment for the mentally ill became more humane when
A)  treatment was introduced that focused on the individual.
B)  asylums were abolished.
C)  abnormal behavior was seen as based upon medical problems.
D)  specialty hospital wards were created for the mentally ill within general care facilities.

Ans:  A
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  12
Section:  History of Psychopathology
Type:  Factual

27.  Moral treatment involved
A)  herbal remedies that may have been toxic.
B)  fighting social inequities.
C)  encouraging patients to engage in purposeful activities.
D)  frightening the individual.

Ans:  C
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  12-13
Section:  History of Psychopathology
Type:  Factual

28.  Elizabeth was receiving moral treatment while in an early asylum. Which of the following treatments was she LEAST likely to receive?
A)  medication
B)  physical restraints
C)  purposeful work activities
D)  menial tasks

Ans:  B
Difficulty:  Easy
Page:  12-13
Section:  History of Psychopathology
Type:  Applied

29.  “Moral treatment” was largely abandoned because of the development of
A)  psychoanalysis.
B)  improved medications.
C)  large impersonal hospitals.
D)  scandals at retreat centers.

Ans:  C
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  12-13
Section:  History of Psychopathology
Type:  Factual

30.  Dorothea Dix is famous for
A)  greatly improving the standard of care for people with mental illness.
B)  overseeing the creation of thirty-two state hospitals for the mentally ill.
C)  providing moral treatment to many people with mental illness.
D)  All of the above are correct.

Ans:  D
Difficulty:  Easy
Page:  12-13
Section:  History of Psychopathology
Type:  Factual

31.  In comparison to early asylums, present-day mental hospitals
A)  provide a great deal of stimulation.
B)  provide intensive individual therapy.
C)  are primarily custodial.
D)  are well-staffed with nurses and psychiatrists, but have few psychologists.

Ans:  C
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  13
Section:  History of Psychopathology—Focus on Discovery 1.2
Type:  Factual

32.  General paresis is best described as
A)  an early term for schizophrenia.
B)  hysterical paralysis with no medical cause.
C)  a deterioration of mental and physical health associated with syphilis.
D)  a blood-letting technique.

Ans:  C
Difficulty:  Easy
Page:  14-15
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Factual

33.  The germ theory of disease, which states that disease is caused by infection of the body by tiny organisms, was put forth by
A)  Emil Kraepelin.
B)  Franz Anton Mesmer.
C)  Jean Charcot.
D)  Louis Pasteur.

Ans:  D
Difficulty:  Hard
Page:  15
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Factual

34.  The discovery of the cause of syphilis was important to the field of mental illness for which reason?
A)  Syphilis was widely feared and exacerbated mental illness.
B)  It increased interest in determining biological causes for mental illness.
C)  More asylum patients were diagnosed with syphilis.
D)  It highlighted the need for valid diagnostic systems.

Ans:  B
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  14-15
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Factual

35.  Psychopathology has been dominated by biological hypotheses because of the
A)  dominance of nonmedical professionals in the area.
B)  discovery of the link between general paresis and syphilis.
C)  general lack of other theories.
D)  identification of brain dysfunction in schizophrenia.

Ans:  B
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  14-15
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Factual

36.  The germ theory of disease
A)  showed the link between syphilis and mental illness.
B)  explained the cause of schizophrenia and depression.
C)  disproved the biological hypotheses.
D)  showed the link between influenza and adjustment disorder.

Ans:  A
Difficulty:  Easy
Page:  14-15
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Factual

37.  An adherent for biological approaches would suggest which of the following treatments for depression?
A)  antidepressant medication
B)  psychotherapy
C)  relaxation therapy
D)  hypnosis

Ans:  A
Difficulty:  Easy
Page:  15
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Factual

38.  The eugenics movement
A)  was a direct result of the germ theory of disease.
B)  sought to cleanse society of people with undesirable characteristics.
C)  classified mental disorders according to their genesis.
D)  sought to abolish ECT treatments.

Ans:  B
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  15
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Factual

39.  Early work in behavior genetics led to
A)  electroconvulsive therapy.
B)  the cure for general paresis.
C)  reduced interest in psychoanalysis.
D)  forced sterilization of mental patients.

Ans:  D
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  15
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Factual

40.  Which of the following is true about ECT?
A)  It is used today to effectively treat patients with severe depression.
B)  Today it is primarily used in the treatment of epilepsy.
C)  It destroys the tracts connecting the frontal lobes to the lower centers of the brain.
D)  ECT practices ceased to exist after the introduction of the lobotomy.

Ans:  A
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  15-16
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Factual

41.  Hypnosis, as originally used by Mesmer, was used for
A)  mild exorcism.
B)  uncovering early child abuse.
C)  acting as an anesthetic.
D)  treating hysteria.

Ans:  D
Difficulty:  Hard
Page:  16
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Factual

42.  The reasoning behind hypnosis as developed by Mesmer was that
A)  changing magnetic fields in his patients would result in symptom reduction.
B)  relaxation was a sufficient treatment for alleviating symptoms.
C)  frightening patients would result in symptom reduction.
D)  faith in the healer caused healing.

Ans:  A
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  16
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Factual

43.  Esther was a patient of Mesmer, who was treating her for blindness. What was the likely scenario when she entered his treatment room?
A)  a quiet room, with a soft reclining chair
B)  a 'bleeding device' used to drain blood believed to be in excess that resulted in psychogenic blindness
C)  a stock of chemical- filled rods, with Mesmer presiding over the room
D)  a sterile, well-lit room with several doctors in white laboratory coats

Ans:  C
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  16
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Applied

44.  Breuer observed an association between recalling past traumatic events and expression of the original emotion in hysterics. This resulted in
A)  increased hysteria.
B)  decreased hysteria.
C)  the emergence of new symptoms.
D)  the repression of emotions.

Ans:  B
Difficulty:  Easy
Page:  17
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Factual

45.  Dr. Jones encourages her clients, under hypnosis, to recall childhood traumas and the emotions associated with them.  This technique was developed by
A)  Josef Breuer.
B)  Carl Jung.
C)  Fritz Perls.
D)  Franz Mesmer.

Ans:  A
Difficulty:  Easy
Page:  17
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Applied

46.  Which is TRUE regarding catharsis?
A)  It is a moral therapy method.
B)  It was initiated by Pinel.
C)  It consists of drawing blood from a patient.
D)  It encourages the release of emotional tension.

Ans:  D
Difficulty:  Easy
Page:  17
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Factual

47.  If you went to Josef Breuer for treatment of hysterical paralysis, which treatment would you probably NOT receive?
A)  hypnosis
B)  free association
C)  talk therapy
D)  medication

Ans:  D
Difficulty:  Easy
Page:  17
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Applied

48.  The cathartic method was created by
A)  Sigmund Freud.
B)  Josef Breuer.
C)  Jean Martin Charcot.
D)  Richard von Krafft-Ebing.

Ans:  B
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  17
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Factual

49.  The psychoanalytic theory rests upon the assumption that psychopathology is the result of
A)  incomplete superego development.
B)  unconscious conflicts.
C)  ego defense mechanisms.
D)  over control of the pleasure principle.

Ans:  B
Difficulty:  Hard
Page:  17-18
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Factual

50.  The id, ego, and superego are
A)  structures of the mind.
B)  orders in a developmental sequence.
C)  biological drives.
D)  brain structures.

Ans:  A
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  17-18
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Factual

51.  The ego operates according to the _________ principle.
A)  reality
B)  Oedipal
C)  Electra
D)  pleasure

Ans:  A
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  17-18
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Factual

52.  The basic energy source for the psyche is the
A)  id.
B)  ego.
C)  superego.
D)  Oedipus complex.

Ans:  A
Difficulty:  Hard
Page:  17-18
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Factual

53.  When you feel hungry and immediately seek out food, this is an example of the _____ acting.
A)  superego
B)  ego
C)  id
D)  projection

Ans:  C
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  17-18
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Applied

54.  According to Freud's theory, the superego develops from the
A)  id.
B)  ego.
C)  emergence of defense mechanisms.
D)  conflicts in the Oedipal stage.

Ans:  B
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  17-18
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Factual

55.  Dealing with reality is the primary role of the
A)  id.
B)  ego.
C)  superego.
D)  preconscious.

Ans:  B
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  17-18
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Factual

56.  Which structure involves activity of the unconscious?
A)  id
B)  ego
C)  superego
D)  All of these have some unconscious activity.

Ans:  D
Difficulty:  Hard
Page:  17-18
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Factual

57.  While studying for an exam, Greg worked for 15 minutes before becoming tired.  He decided that it would be better to work for another 30 minutes before taking a break.  His behavior is being guided by which part of his personality?
A)  id
B)  ego
C)  superego
D)  ego defense

Ans:  B
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  17-18
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Applied

58.  When one refers to their conscience, they are also describing their
A)  id.
B)  ego.
C)  superego.
D)  ego defenses.

Ans:  C
Difficulty:  Easy
Page:  18
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Factual

59.  The superego allows us to
A)  be capable of rational thought.
B)  know right from wrong.
C)  act in line with reality.
D)  be spontaneous.

Ans:  B
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  18
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Factual

60.  Very strict parents might create a very strong _______________ in their children.
A)  id
B)  ego
C)  superego
D)  sublimation defense

Ans:  C
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  18
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Applied

61.  Carol is trying to decide whether to drink alcohol, knowing that her parents are strongly opposed to drinking.  According to Freudian theory, Carol's struggle is between her _______________, which makes her want to drink, and her _______________, which discourages her from drinking.
A)  id; superego
B)  ego; superego
C)  id; ego
D)  superego; ego

Ans:  A
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  17-18
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Applied

62.  Psychoanalytic theory specifically refers to
A)  defense mechanisms.
B)  the Oedipus complex.
C)  the psychosexual stages of development.
D)  the assumption that psychopathology results from unconscious conflicts.

Ans:  D
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  17
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Factual

63.  According to Freud, what is the most important determinant of behavior?
A)  conscious
B)  pre-conscious
C)  unconscious
D)  All are equally important.

Ans:  C
Difficulty:  Easy
Page:  17-18
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Factual

64.  The ego uses _______ to protect itself from anxiety.
A)  the libido.
B)  defense mechanisms.
C)  the superego.
D)  the id.

Ans:  B
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  18
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Factual

65.  Conflicts from a particular stage of development, according to Freud, will
A)  be completely ignored.
B)  be unimportant in later stages.
C)  continue to affect development.
D)  be important only when one is informed of the specific conflict.

Ans:  C
Difficulty:  Easy
Page:  19
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought—Focus on Discovery 1.3
Type:  Factual

66.  Fixation at a particular stage, according to Freud, results in
A)  difficulties in determining the nature of the conflicts when the person enters analysis.
B)  a sexually unresponsive individual.
C)  an inability to develop further.
D)  regression to that stage when stressed later in life.

Ans:  D
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  19
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Factual

67.  Frank has an unresolved Oedipus complex.  This suggests that he did not complete the ______ stage of development.
A)  phallic
B)  anal
C)  latency
D)  oral

Ans:  A
Difficulty:  Hard
Page:  19
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Applied

68.  Marcia states confidently "I never get angry. In fact, I never recall feeling angry." Marcia is exhibiting
A)  projection.
B)  reaction formation.
C)  repression.
D)  sublimation.

Ans:  C
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  18
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Applied

69.  Which of the following is NOT a technique in psychoanalytic psychotherapy?
A)  transference.
B)  free association.
C)  interpretation.
D)  cognitive reappraisal.

Ans:  D
Difficulty:  Hard
Page:  20
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Factual

70.  Which of the following pairs are correctly matched?
A)  Jung: collective unconscious
B)  Freud: womb envy
C)  Erikson: shadow
D)  Bandura: dream interpretation

Ans:  A
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  20
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Factual

71.  Dr. Smith argues that the desire to hunt is built into all men dating back to the times of cave men.  Dr. Smith is relying on the concept of
A)  positive reinforcement.
B)  collective unconscious.
C)  self-actualization.
D)  sublimation.

Ans:  B
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  20
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Applied

72.  Adler developed a theory of psychoanalytic thought oriented towards
A)  psychoticism.
B)  doing things for the social good.
C)  overt behavior change.
D)  All of these are correct.

Ans:  B
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  20-21
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Factual

73.  As part of therapy, you are asked to lie on a couch and say anything that comes to mind.  This is called
A)  interpretation.
B)  transference.
C)  real analysis.
D)  free association.

Ans:  D
Difficulty:  Easy
Page:  18-19
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Factual

74.  When engaging in free association, you begin to censor your thoughts and do not report everything that comes to mind. You are
A)  resisting.
B)  experiencing transference.
C)  experiencing countertransference.
D)  All of the above are correct.

Ans:  A
Difficulty:  Hard
Page:  18-19
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Applied

75.  You begin to regard your therapist in a similar way to your sister so you begin to treat the therapist as you treat your sister.  This is referred to as
A)  countertransference.
B)  identification.
C)  transference.
D)  projection.

Ans:  C
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  19
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Factual

76.  Behaviorists advocate that
A)  abnormal behavior arises from discussions of abnormal behavior.
B)  abnormal behavior is learned.
C)  insight is important in changing behavior.
D)  defenses are associated with resolving anxiety.

Ans:  B
Difficulty:  Easy
Page:  22
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Factual

77.  The earliest experimental work on classical conditioning was conducted by
A)  Bandura.
B)  Tolman.
C)  Skinner.
D)  Pavlov.

Ans:  D
Difficulty:  Easy
Page:  22
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Factual

78.  Anne experienced extreme pain at the dentist as a child.  Now, she goes to a different dentist, but feels her heart race when she arrives, and goes down when she leaves. Her heart racing whenever she goes to the dentist is due to ______________, and the calming feeling when she leaves is due to _______________.
A)  classical conditioning, operant conditioning.
B)  operant conditioning, classical conditioning.
C)  operant conditioning, meditational learning.
D)  operant conditioning, modeling.

Ans:  A
Difficulty:  Hard
Page:  23
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Applied

79.  Fiona faints when her doctor begins to draw blood. What is the unconditioned response?
A)  the needle
B)  blood
C)  fainting
D)  blood flow

Ans:  C
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  22
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Applied

80.  The following type of response to behavior results in an increased probability of the behavior occurring again.
A)  positive reinforcement
B)  negative reinforcement
C)  extinction
D)  Both a and b

Ans:  D
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  23
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Factual

81.  A class conducted an experiment with their professor.  The students only paid attention as a group when she was to the left of the blackboard. After this was established, they only paid attention when she was three feet from the blackboard, further to the left. Finally, they only paid attention when she was directly in the corner, to the left of the blackboard. This is an illustration of
A)  shaping.
B)  punishment.
C)  habituation.
D)  modeling.

Ans:  A
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  23
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Applied

82.  Sally is currently in a hospital where she earns tokens for specified behaviors. These tokens are later exchanged for goods, such as food. This token economy is based on what behavioral principles?
A)  operant conditioning
B)  classical conditioning
C)  cognitive behavior therapy
D)  modeling

Ans:  A
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  23
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Applied

83.  Simply witnessing someone perform certain activities can increase or decrease diverse kinds of behavior, such as sharing, aggression, and fear. This phenomenon is known as
A)  shaping.
B)  operant conditioning.
C)  classical conditioning.
D)  modeling.

Ans:  D
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  23-24
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Factual

84.  Pairing a stimulus that is attractive to someone with an unpleasant event is known as
A)  negative reinforcement.
B)  punishment.
C)  aversive conditioning.
D)  negative conditioning.

Ans:  C
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  24
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Factual

85.  Mr. Smith is going to a therapist for help with a fear of heights. Over several sessions the therapist, Dr. Jones, provides deep muscle relaxation and gradual exposures to heights. Dr. Jones's treatment approach is best identified as
A)  free association.
B)  systematic desensitization.
C)  modeling.
D)  positive reinforcement.

Ans:  B
Difficulty:  Easy
Page:  24
Section:  The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
Type:  Applied

86.  Psychiatrists differ from clinical psychologists in that psychiatrists
A)  receive training in scientific bases of behavior.
B)  receive training in diagnosis of psychopathology.
C)  undergo personal analysis as part of their training.
D)  prescribe medication.

Ans:  D
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  25-26
Section:  The Mental Health Professions
Type:  Factual

87.  Which profession requires a research dissertation as a prerequisite for an advanced degree?
A)  psychiatry
B)  clinical psychology
C)  psychiatric nursing
D)  psychoanalysis

Ans:  B
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  25
Section:  The Mental Health Professions
Type:  Factual

88.  Social workers primarily
A)  perform psychological assessments.
B)  conduct extensive research.
C)  conduct psychotherapy.
D)  prescribe medication.

Ans:  C
Difficulty:  Easy
Page:  26
Section:  The Mental Health Professions
Type:  Factual

89.  The doctor of psychology degree (Psy.D.) emphasizes
A)  medication-based training.
B)  psychodynamic training.
C)  testing and measurement of mental illness.
D)  clinical training more than research training.

Ans:  D
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  25
Section:  The Mental Health Professions
Type:  Factual

90.  Ernie is struggling with hallucinations.  He visits a doctor, who prescribed medication for his symptoms.  He most likely visited
A)  a clinical psychologist.
B)  a social worker.
C)  a psychiatrist.
D)  any of these professionals.

Ans:  C
Difficulty:  Easy
Page:  25-26
Section:  The Mental Health Professions
Type:  Applied

91.  Clinical psychologists, counseling psychologists, and social workers are all likely to be involved in
A)  conducting research.
B)  providing psychotherapy.
C)  teaching.
D)  prescribing psychoactive medication.

Ans:  B
Difficulty:  Easy
Page:  26
Section:  The Mental Health Professions
Type:  Factual

92.  There has recently been a debate regarding whether clinical psychologists should be allowed to
A)  focus on research rather than clinical practice.
B)  study social factors influencing psychopathology.
C)  admit patients to the hospital.
D)  prescribe medication.

Ans:  D
Difficulty:  Medium
Page:  26
Section:  The Mental Health Professions
Type:  Factual

Essay

93.  What are some professions in mental health?  How are they similar?  How do they differ?
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94.  Describe some problems with labeling.  Discuss, in particular, difficulties such as stigma.
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95.  Describe the progression of different treatment approaches to mental illness through the centuries.
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96.  Describe the differences between operant and classical conditioning.
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97.  Contrast psychoanalysis with behaviorism.
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98.  Vivianne has been feeling depressed for the past few months. She feels that her job as a secretary is not stimulating enough for her and she yearns for a romantic relationship, although she has done nothing to further this desire. Briefly describe how a therapist with an existential point of view might approach this case.
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99.  Describe three defense mechanisms.
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100.  Describe the primary functions of the id, ego, and super ego.
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