Exam
Name___________________________________

SHORT ANSWER.  Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 

Figure 1.1

Using Figure 1.1, match the following cavities

1) 

Thoracic cavity. 

1)  

_____________ 

2) 

Cranial cavity. 

2)  

_____________ 

3) 

Abdominal cavity. 

3)  

_____________ 

4) 

Vertebral cavity. 

4)  

_____________ 

Figure 1.2

Using Figure 1.2, match the following descriptions to the most appropriate letter on the diagram

5) 

Information about body temperature is sent through afferent pathways to the brain. 

5)  

_____________ 

6) 

Free nerve endings in the skin detect changes in skin temperature (getting warmer). 

6)  

_____________ 

7) 

Appropriate response information is sent through efferent pathways. 

7)  

_____________ 

8) 

A change in the temperature of the external environment (getting warmer). 

8)  

_____________ 

9) 

Sweat glands are stimulated as well as blood being distributed to the skin to allow cooling of the body to return the body's temperature to a physiological level.  

9)  

_____________ 

MATCHING.  Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1. 

Match the following systems to their functions

10) 

Provides the force to move bones about their joints. 

A) 

Muscular 

10) 

______ 

 

11) 

Responds to environmental changes by transmitting appropriate electrical impulses. 

A) 

Nervous 

11) 

______ 

B) 

Skeletal 

12) 

Provides a ridged framework to support the body and stores minerals. 

C) 

12) 

______ 

Integumentary 

13) 

Prevents water loss, entry of germs into the body and synthesizes vitamin D. 

13) 

______ 

Match the following systems to their functions

14) 

Controls the body with chemical molecules called hormones. 

A) 

Immune 

14) 

______ 

B) 

15) 

Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues. 

Endocrine  

15) 

______ 

C) 

Lymphatic  

16) 

A functional organ system which provides a means of protecting us from foreign invaders. 

D) 

16) 

______ 

Cardiovascular 

17) 

Picks up and cleans excess fluid from tissues. 

17) 

______ 

Match the following examples of feedback mechanisms

18) 

Used for changes in blood glucose levels. 

A) 

Negative feedback 

18) 

______ 

B) 

19) 

Used for changes in blood pressure. 

Positive feedback 

19) 

______ 

20) 

Used for blood clotting. 

20) 

______ 

21) 

Used for childbirth. 

21) 

______ 

Match the following systems and organs

22) 

Arteries, veins, heart. 

A) 

Cardiovascular 

22) 

______ 

23) 

Trachea, bronchi, alveoli. 

B) 

Respiratory 

23) 

______ 

 

24) 

Adrenal glands, pancreas, pituitary. 

A) 

Digestive 

24) 

______ 

25) 

Esophagus, large intestine, rectum. 

B) 

Urinary  

25) 

______ 

26) 

Kidneys, bladder, ureters. 

C) 

Endocrine 

26) 

______ 

 

Match the following cavities and organs

27) 

Stomach. 

A) 

Thoracic 

27) 

______ 

28) 

Heart. 

B) 

Abdominal 

28) 

______ 

29) 

Uterus. 

C) 

Pelvic 

29) 

______ 

30) 

Brain. 

D) 

Cranial 

30) 

______ 

31) 

Lungs. 

31) 

______ 

Match the following regional terms and common terms

32) 

Arm. 

A) 

Cephalic 

32) 

______ 

33) 

Buttock. 

B) 

Patellar 

33) 

______ 

34) 

Head. 

C) 

Brachial 

34) 

______ 

35) 

Knee (anterior aspect). 

D) 

Gluteal 

35) 

______ 

36) 

Chest. 

E) 

Thoracic 

36) 

______ 

 

Match the regional/directional terms and examples

37) 

The bridge of the nose is ________ to the left eye. 

A) 

Distal 

37) 

______ 

B) 

38) 

The upper arm is ________ to the forearm. 

Lateral 

38) 

______ 

C) 

Medial 

39) 

The lungs are ________ to the heart. 

D) 

39) 

______ 

Anterior 

40) 

The fingers are ________ to the wrist. 

E) 

40) 

______ 

Proximal 

41) 

The stomach is ________ to the spine. 

41) 

______ 

TRUE/FALSE.  Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 

42) 

Positive feedback mechanisms tend to enhance the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated. 

42) 

______ 

43) 

Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) imaging is most useful in discovering obstructed blood supplies in organs and tissues. 

43) 

______ 

44) 

The elbow is proximal to the shoulder. 

44) 

______ 

45) 

The part of the serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity wall is called visceral peritoneum. 

45) 

______ 

46) 

A major function of serous membranes is to decrease friction. 

46) 

______ 

47) 

The right hypochondriac region contains the majority of the stomach. 

47) 

______ 

48) 

Lungs carry out an excretory function. 

48) 

______ 

49) 

Embryology concerns the structural changes that occur in an individual from conception through old age. 

49) 

______ 

50) 

A tissue consists of groups of similar cells that have a common function. 

50) 

______ 

51) 

It is important for any organism to maintain its boundaries, so that its internal environment remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it. 

51) 

______ 

52) 

Without some sort of negative feedback mechanism, it would be impossible to keep our body chemistry in balance. 

52) 

______ 

53) 

Responsiveness or irritability is the ability to sense changes in the environment and then respond to them. 

53) 

______ 

54) 

The epigastric region is superior to the umbilical region. 

54) 

______ 

MULTIPLE CHOICE.  Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 

55) 

Histology would be best defined as a study of ________. 

55) 

______ 

A) 

tissues 

B) 

the gross structures of the body 

C) 

cell chemistry 

D) 

cells 

56) 

The study of large body structures, visible to the naked eye, such as the heart is called ________ anatomy. 

56) 

______ 

A) 

gross 

B) 

developmental 

C) 

systemic 

D) 

microscopic 

57) 

Expiration (breathing out) is how the body removes excessive carbon dioxide from the blood. This is an example of ________. 

57) 

______ 

A) 

responsiveness 

B) 

maintaining boundaries 

C) 

metabolism 

D) 

excretion of metabolic waste 

58) 

Generally, what is the result of the negative feedback process? 

58) 

______ 

A) 

to maintain homeostasis 

B) 

to regulate excretion via the kidneys 

C) 

to keep the body's blood sugar level high 

D) 

to control body movement 

59) 

The coxal joint is most likely found in the ________ region of the body. 

59) 

______ 

A) 

groin 

B) 

hip 

C) 

hand 

D) 

foot 

60) 

A structure that is composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific functions for the body is a(n) ________. 

60) 

______ 

A) 

complex cell 

B) 

organ 

C) 

organ system 

D) 

complex tissue 

61) 

The anatomical position is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT ________. 

61) 

______ 

A) 

thumbs pointed laterally 

B) 

arms at sides 

C) 

body erect 

D) 

palms turned posteriorly 

62) 

A good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be ________. 

62) 

______ 

A) 

blood calcium level regulation 

B) 

regulating glucose levels in the blood 

C) 

enhancement of labor contractions 

D) 

body temperature regulation 

63) 

Which of the following describes a parasagittal plane? 

63) 

______ 

A) 

any sagittal plane except in the midline 

B) 

a transverse cut just above the knees 

C) 

two cuts dividing the body into left and right halves 

D) 

any cut dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions 

64) 

Which of the following organs or structures would be found in the left iliac region? 

64) 

______ 

A) 

liver 

B) 

appendix 

C) 

intestines 

D) 

stomach 

65) 

The parietal pleura would represent a serous membrane ________. 

65) 

______ 

A) 

lining the abdominal cavity 

B) 

covering the heart 

C) 

covering individual lungs 

D) 

lining the thoracic cavity 

66) 

Which one of the following systems responds fastest to environmental stimuli? 

66) 

______ 

A) 

muscular 

B) 

immune 

C) 

nervous 

D) 

lymphatic 

67) 

Choose the anatomical topic and definition that is NOT correctly matched. 

67) 

______ 

A) 

Gross anatomy study of structures visible to the eye. 

B) 

Cytology study of the structures in a particular region. 

C) 

Embryology study of the changes in an individual from conception to birth. 

D) 

Microscopic anatomy study of structures too small to be seen by the naked eye. 

68) 

Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains ________. 

68) 

______ 

A) 

the lowest possible energy usage 

B) 

a static state with no deviation from preset points 

C) 

a relatively stable internal environment, within limits 

D) 

a dynamic state within an unlimited range, depending on circumstances 

69) 

In which body cavities are the lungs located? 

69) 

______ 

A) 

pleural, dorsal, and abdominal 

B) 

pleural, ventral, and thoracic 

C) 

pericardial, ventral, and thoracic 

D) 

mediastinal, thoracic, and ventral 

70) 

Choose the following statement that is NOT completely correct regarding serous membranes. 

70) 

______ 

A) 

Serous membranes secrete a watery lubricating fluid. 

B) 

Serous membranes are divided into parietal and visceral membranes with a virtual space between the two. 

C) 

Serosa are very thin, double-layered structures. 

D) 

Visceral pericardium covers the outer surface of the heart, and parietal pericardium lines the internal walls of the heart. 

71) 

Place the following in correct sequence from simplest to most complex

1. molecules
2. atoms
3. tissues
4. cells
5. organs 

71) 

______ 

A) 

2-1-4-3-5 

B) 

1-2-4-3-5 

C) 

2-1-3-4-5 

D) 

1-2-3-4-5 

72) 

Which of the following imaging devices would best localize a tumor in a person's brain? 

72) 

______ 

A) 

PET 

B) 

X-ray 

C) 

DSA 

D) 

MRI 

73) 

Which of these is NOT part of the dorsal cavity? 

73) 

______ 

A) 

cranial cavity 

B) 

thoracic cavity 

C) 

vertebral cavity 

D) 

spinal cord 

74) 

In which quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity is the stomach located? 

74) 

______ 

A) 

left lower quadrant 

B) 

right upper quadrant 

C) 

left upper quadrant 

D) 

right lower quadrant 

75) 

Which of the following statements is the most correct regarding homeostatic imbalance? 

75) 

______ 

A) 

Positive feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed. 

B) 

Negative feedback mechanisms are functioning normally. 

C) 

It is considered the cause of most diseases. 

D) 

The internal environment is becoming more stable. 

76) 

The term pollex refers to the ________. 

76) 

______ 

A) 

thumb 

B) 

great toe 

C) 

fingers 

D) 

calf 

77) 

The dorsal body cavity is the site of which of the following? 

77) 

______ 

A) 

intestines 

B) 

lungs 

C) 

brain 

D) 

liver 

78) 

Select the most correct statement. 

78) 

______ 

A) 

Organ systems can be composed of cells or tissues, but not both. 

B) 

The immune system is closely associated with the lymphatic system. 

C) 

The endocrine system is not a true structural organ system. 

D) 

Organ systems operate independently of each other to maintain life. 

79) 

One of the functional characteristics of life is excitability or responsiveness. This refers to ________. 

79) 

______ 

A) 

the necessity for all organisms to reproduce 

B) 

the nervous system causing all living things to sometimes experience anger 

C) 

indigestible food residues stimulating the excretory system 

D) 

sensing changes in the environment and then reacting or responding to them 

80) 

Which of the following are survival needs of the body? 

80) 

______ 

A) 

nutrients, water, movement, and reproduction 

B) 

nutrients, water, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen 

C) 

nutrients, water, growth, and reproduction 

D) 

water, atmospheric pressure, growth, and movement 

81) 

What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into left and right, called? 

81) 

______ 

A) 

sagittal 

B) 

regional 

C) 

frontal 

D) 

transverse 

82) 

What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior regions called? 

82) 

______ 

A) 

median 

B) 

transverse 

C) 

sagittal 

D) 

frontal 

83) 

The body cavities that protect the nervous system are located in the ________ cavity. 

83) 

______ 

A) 

dorsal 

B) 

thoracic 

C) 

cranial 

D) 

vertebral 

E) 

ventral 

84) 

Which of the following describes the operation of the heart and blood vessels? 

84) 

______ 

A) 

cardiovascular anatomy 

B) 

cardiovascular physiology 

C) 

systemic anatomy 

D) 

systemic physiology 

85) 

It is wise to study anatomy alongside with physiology because ________. 

85) 

______ 

A) 

anatomy and physiology are practically the same thing 

B) 

physiology is only explainable in terms of the underlying anatomy 

C) 

it makes for more efficient use of students' and teachers' time 

D) 

to understand anatomy requires complete understanding of physiology 

86) 

The study of anatomy and physiology assumes and describes a healthy body. Select the description below that does NOT explain why this approach is useful. 

86) 

______ 

A) 

A healthy body establishes what "normal" is. 

B) 

Study of a healthy body provides a foundation for a more complete understanding of all human bodies. 

C) 

Study of a healthy body is less intimidating and more familiar to new students. 

D) 

A healthy body provides a common standard to compare to. 

87) 

One of the descriptions below is from the perspective of anatomical study, the rest are from a physiological perspective. Select the description below that comes from an anatomical perspective. 

87) 

______ 

A) 

The extremely thin tissue (simple squamous epithelium) of the lungs allows for the quick diffusion of respiratory gases into and out of the body.  

B) 

The cell-to-cell connections between heart (cardiac) muscle cells are strong. They hold the tissue together for a life time of forceful contractions.  

C) 

The direction of blood flow through the heart is directed by one way valves.  

D) 

The innermost lining of the lungs is composed primarily of a thin tissue called simple squamous epithelium.  

88) 

One of the descriptions below is from the perspective of physiological study, the rest are from an anatomical perspective. Select the description below that comes from physiological perspective. 

88) 

______ 

A) 

The pancreas lies deep to the stomach within the abdominal cavity.  

B) 

The contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessels (vasoconstriction) can reduce the flow of blood through the vessel.  

C) 

The chambers of the heart and blood vessels leading to and from the heart are separated by valves composed of fibrous connective tissue.  

D) 

The skull is formed by 22 facial and cranial bones.  

89) 

Which of the following is the best explanation for why cells are considered the smallest units of living things. 

89) 

______ 

A) 

Cells are highly ordered and complex. 

B) 

Cells cannot be seen with the naked eye and are considered microscopic. 

C) 

Cells have the ability to reproduce identical copies of themselves in a process called mitosis. 

D) 

Cells are the simplest structure to fit all of the characteristics necessary to be considered alive. 

90) 

Prevention of water loss is a necessary function for life that would best fit in the category of ________. 

90) 

______ 

A) 

responsiveness 

B) 

excretion 

C) 

maintaining boundaries 

D) 

metabolism 

91) 

Anabolic reactions are chemical reactions of the body that build things, make them bigger or more complex. Catabolic reactions break things down making them smaller or less complex. If the rate of anabolic reaction in the body is much faster than the rate of catabolic reactions, which of the following necessary life function will be accomplished? 

91) 

______ 

A) 

digestion 

B) 

growth 

C) 

movement 

D) 

responsiveness 

92) 

Anatomical position is important because ________. 

92) 

______ 

A) 

it provides the greatest circulation to the extremities 

B) 

it is the position most comfortable to hospital patients 

C) 

it allows a common point of reference for body position to help communicate anatomical relationships 

D) 

it allows diagrams within textbooks to display a greater surface area of the body with one simple diagram 

93) 

Positive feedback differs from negative feedback because ________. 

93) 

______ 

A) 

positive feedback tends to enhance the triggering stimulus while negative feedback tends to return the body to a homeostatic balance or "ideal" level 

B) 

positive feedback is generally beneficial while negative feedback is typically harmful 

C) 

positive feedback is critical to health while negative feedback serves only to alert us to potential health threats 

D) 

positive feedback provides moment-to-moment wellbeing while negative feedback causes a cascade effect 

94) 

When a baby suckles at its mother's breast the stimulus at the breast is sent to the mother's brain (a region called the hypothalamus). The brain responds by releasing hormones to stimulate the production and the ejection of milk from the breast. This helps the newborn to receive nourishment and encourages more suckling. This example is best described as a ________. 

94) 

______ 

A) 

loss of homeostasis 

B) 

negative feedback 

C) 

necessary life function 

D) 

positive feedback 

95) 

Some of the nerve endings in the skin are sensitive to changes in temperature. They are part of a negative feedback mechanism regulating body temperature. These nerve endings represent a(n) ________ in the negative feedback mechanism.  

95) 

______ 

A) 

receptor 

B) 

homeostatic balance or "ideal" value 

C) 

effector 

D) 

control center 

96) 

You are asked to take a person's heart rate at the popliteal pulse point. You will look for this pulse ________. 

96) 

______ 

A) 

at the posterior side of the wrist 

B) 

in the distal end of the lower leg 

C) 

on the palmar side of the hand 

D) 

on the posterior side of the knee 

97) 

You are told to take an axillary temperature on a small child. You will place the thermometer ________. 

97) 

______ 

A) 

on the forehead 

B) 

under the tongue 

C) 

in the rectum 

D) 

in the armpit 

98) 

You are asked to draw blood from the median cubital vein. You will search for this vein in the ________. 

98) 

______ 

A) 

anterior side of the elbow 

B) 

lateral side of the foot 

C) 

hand 

D) 

proximal arm 

99) 

The thoracic cavity contains the ________. It is found ________ to the vertebral cavity. 

99) 

______ 

A) 

kidneys and spleen; deep 

B) 

heart and lungs; anterior 

C) 

digestive viscera; inferior 

D) 

stomach and liver; superficial 

SHORT ANSWER.  Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 

100) 

Similar cells that have a common function are called ________. 

100)  

___________ 

101) 

What does the "principle of complementarity of structures and function" mean? 

101)  

___________ 

102) 

The term that describes the back of the elbow is ________. 

102)  

___________ 

103) 

The term that describes the neck region is ________. 

103)  

___________ 

104) 

The heart is ________ to the lungs. 

104)  

___________ 

105) 

________ is explained by chemical and physical principles and is concerned with the function of specific organs or organic systems. 

105)  

___________ 

106) 

What is a dynamic equilibrium of your internal environment termed? 

106)  

___________ 

107) 

Which cavity contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum? 

107)  

___________ 

108) 

What is the serous membrane that covers the intestines called? 

108)  

___________ 

109) 

What broad term covers all chemical reactions that occur within the body cells? 

109)  

___________ 

110) 

What is the function of the serous membranes? 

110)  

___________ 

111) 

Can lungs carry out excretory functions? Explain your answer. 

111)  

___________ 

112) 

Why is anatomical terminology necessary? 

112)  

___________ 

113) 

The ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them is called ________. 

113)  

___________ 

114) 

What is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body? 

114)  

___________ 

115) 

Why must a normal body temperature be maintained in order for chemical reactions to be continued at life-sustaining rates? 

115)  

___________ 

116) 

What is the pathway between the receptor and the control center in the reflex pathway called? 

116)  

___________ 

117) 

What type of homeostatic feedback reflex is the withdrawal reflex? 

117)  

___________ 

118) 

Why are the abdominopelvic cavity organs the most vulnerable to blunt deceleration in an automobile accident with seat belts? 

118)  

___________ 

119) 

What is the action of all of the negative feedback mechanisms of the body? 

119)  

___________ 

120) 

Which feedback mechanism causes the variable to deviate further and further from its original value or range? 

120)  

___________ 

121) 

What can happen when the usual negative feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed and destructive positive feedback mechanisms take over? 

121)  

___________ 

122) 

Which body system would be most affected by a lower than normal atmospheric pressure? 

122)  

___________ 

123) 

Describe the overlap in function between the cardiovascular system and respiratory system. In other words, describe how they work together. 

123)  

___________ 

124) 

Describe the overlap in function between the muscular system and skeletal system. In other words, describe how they work together. 

124)  

___________ 

125) 

The integumentary system helps to maintain a boundary between the internal and external environment. Give an example of something that is prevented entry to the body and an example of something prevented from escaping the body by the integumentary system. 

125)  

___________ 

126) 

Describe the opposing ways that the muscular system and integumentary system act as effectors in the regulation of body temperature. 

126)  

___________ 

ESSAY.  Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 

127) 

A small family was traveling in its van and had a minor accident. The children in the back seats were wearing lap belts, but still sustained numerous bruises about the abdomen, and had some internal organ injuries. Why is this area more vulnerable to damage than others? 

128) 

Steve was injured in a football accident. X-ray examination showed a fracture underlying his left brachial deformity. What part of his body was injured? 

129) 

Judy is 16 years old and collapses on the gym floor with severe pain in her chest wall every time she takes a deep breath. She is rushed by ambulance to the emergency room. Judy is diagnosed with pleurisy and is given an anti-inflammatory drug through the intravenous route. Explain why an anti-inflammatory drug would be prescribed for someone with pleurisy. 

130) 

Sara is giving birth to her first child. She is concerned that her labor is taking longer than she thought it would. Why does giving birth usually take time for the contractions to proceed to the point when the child is born? 

131) 

The nurse charted "Patient has an open wound located on lateral aspect of leg." Describe where the wound is located. 

 

1) 

C 

2) 

A 

3) 

D 

4) 

B 

5) 

C 

6) 

B 

7) 

D 

8) 

A 

9) 

E 

10) 

D 

11) 

A 

12) 

B 

13) 

C 

14) 

B 

15) 

D 

16) 

A 

17) 

C 

18) 

A 

19) 

A 

20) 

B 

21) 

B 

22) 

C 

23) 

E 

24) 

D 

25) 

A 

26) 

B 

27) 

B 

28) 

A 

29) 

C 

30) 

D 

31) 

A 

32) 

C 

33) 

D 

34) 

A 

35) 

B 

36) 

E 

37) 

C 

38) 

E 

39) 

B 

40) 

A 

41) 

D 

42) 

TRUE 

43) 

TRUE 

44) 

FALSE 

45) 

FALSE 

46) 

TRUE 

47) 

FALSE 

48) 

TRUE 

49) 

FALSE 

50) 

TRUE 

51) 

TRUE 

52) 

TRUE 

53) 

TRUE 

54) 

TRUE 

55) 

A 

56) 

A 

57) 

D 

58) 

A 

59) 

B 

60) 

B 

61) 

D 

62) 

C 

63) 

A 

64) 

C 

65) 

D 

66) 

C 

67) 

B 

68) 

C 

69) 

B 

70) 

D 

71) 

A 

72) 

D 

73) 

B 

74) 

C 

75) 

C 

76) 

A 

77) 

C 

78) 

B 

79) 

D 

80) 

B 

81) 

A 

82) 

D 

83) 

A 

84) 

B 

85) 

B 

86) 

C 

87) 

D 

88) 

B 

89) 

D 

90) 

C 

91) 

B 

92) 

C 

93) 

A 

94) 

D 

95) 

A 

96) 

D 

97) 

D 

98) 

A 

99) 

B 

100) 

tissues 

101) 

Structure is specific to meet the needs of it's function. 

102) 

olecranal 

103) 

cervical 

104) 

medial 

105) 

Physiology 

106) 

homeostasis 

107) 

pelvic 

108) 

visceral peritoneum 

109) 

metabolism 

110) 

They act to reduce friction and allow the organs to slide across cavity walls. 

111) 

Yes, carbon dioxide is a metabolic waste the lungs excrete. 

112) 

Anatomical terms are precise words that have limited usage, which prevents confusion when describing the location of body parts. 

113) 

responsiveness or excitability 

114) 

water 

115) 

If body temperature is too low, chemical reactions slow and eventually stop. If body temperature is too high, chemical reactions speed up and body proteins lose their normal shape, resulting in loss of function. 

116) 

afferent pathway 

117) 

negative 

118) 

The walls of the abdominal cavity are formed only by trunk muscles and are not reinforced by bone. The pelvic organs receive a somewhat greater degree of protection from the bony pelvis. 

119) 

They provide a mechanism to maintain levels of substances within physiological limits. 

120) 

positive feedback 

121) 

Homeostatic imbalances increase our risk for disease processes and produce the changes we associate with aging. 

122) 

respiratory system 

123) 

The blood is provided a consistent supply of oxygen from the lungs while the circulatory system delivers carbon dioxide which will be removed from the body by the respiratory system. 

124) 

The skeleton provides the ridged frame work (levers) for muscles to attach to. Muscles provide the force to move the bones about the joints.  

125) 

The integument prevents entry of pathogens (germs, viruses, bacteria) OR harmful chemicals. The integumentary system prevents water (body fluid) loss.  

126) 

The integument cools the body through sweat while the muscular system warms the body by shivering.  

127) 

The abdominal organs are the least protected in the body because they are not surrounded by a bony covering such as the ribs, pelvis, or cranium. 

128) 

His left upper arm 

129) 

The pleural space contains a small amount of fluid that acts as a lubricant, allowing the pleurae to slide smoothly over each other as the lungs expand and contract. Pleurisy is an inflammation of the pleura around the lungs. When inflammation occurs in the pleural space, the pleurae do not slide smoothly and this causes severe pain that is more directly transmitted by the parietal than the visceral pleura. 

130) 

Childbirth is based on the increasing levels of oxytocin that cause the uterine contractions. Under positive feedback, oxytocin levels increase which results in increasing strong contractions by the upper uterus that will ultimately result in the birth of the child. But this positive feedback needs numerous contraction cycles to overcome the muscular resistance to stretching in the lower uterus in order for the head to pass. 

131) 

The wound is located on the outer side of the leg, the peroneal or fibular area.