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Chapter: Chapter 01: Psychology and the Challenges of Life

Multiple Choice

1.  Beth, John, Maria, Lisa, and David, discussed in your text, are each experiencing challenges to ______.
A)  their careers
B)  self-esteem
C)  adjustment and growth
D)  emotional stability

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  Chapter  1 Introduction

2.  Beth is torn between attending medical school to become a physician, which means leaving her fiancé, and maintaining a relationship with him and starting a family. She is experiencing ______.
A)  a role conflict
B)  a moral dilemma
C)  the phi phenomenon
D)  eustress

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  Chapter  1 Introduction

3.  An eating disorder characterized by cycles of binge eating and a dramatic method for purging, such as vomiting, is ______.
A)  anorexia nervosa
B)  hypoglycemia
C)  Korsakoff's syndrome
D)  bulimia nervosa

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  Chapter  1 Introduction

4.  The causes of ______ are complex and not fully understood but appear to be related to social pressures on young women in our society to adhere to unrealistic standards of thinness.
A)  personality disorders
B)  eating disorders
C)  reactive disorders
D)  adjustment disorders

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  Chapter  1 Introduction

5.  The causes of eating disorders are ______.
A)  simple and easily understood
B)  complex but easily understood
C)  simple but not easily understood
D)  complex and not easily understood

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  Chapter  1 Introduction

6.  Most challenges offer us the opportunity to ______.
A)  merely adjust
B)  prove ourselves
C)  grow
D)  retrench

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  Chapter  1 Introduction

7.  The science of ______ is ideally suited to helping people meet the challenges of contemporary life, according to your text.
A)  psychology
B)  sociology
C)  phrenology
D)  biology

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  Module 1.1 - Psychology and Adjustment

8.  The science that studies behavior and the mental processes is ______.
A)  anthropology
B)  sociology
C)  neurology
D)  psychology

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  Module 1.1 - Psychology and Adjustment

9.  Psychology is the study of ______.
A)  the subjective activities of the mind
B)  observable behavior, but not mental processes
C)  mental processes, but not observable behavior
D)  mental processes and observable behavior

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  Module 1.1 - Psychology and Adjustment

10.  Psychologists traditionally attempt to understand or explain behavior in terms of the workings of the ______ system, according to your text.
A)  nervous
B)  cardio-vascular
C)  muscular-skeletal
D)  endocrine

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  Module 1.1 - Psychology and Adjustment

11.  Psychologists traditionally attempt to understand or explain behavior in terms of each of the following EXCEPT ______.
A)  the workings of the endocrine and cardiovascular systems
B)  the interaction of genetic and environmental influences
C)  the roles of learning and motivation
D)  the nature of personality and social interaction

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  Module 1.1 - Psychology and Adjustment

12.  Psychologists traditionally attempt to understand or explain behavior in terms of each of the following EXCEPT ______.
A)  the workings of the nervous system
B)  the ways in which we sense and mentally represent the world
C)  the roles of learning and motivation
D)  the workings of the endocrine system

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  Module 1.1 - Psychology and Adjustment

13.  Coping behavior that permits people to meet the demands of the environment is called ______.
A)  prosocial behavior
B)  adjustment
C)  proactive behavior
D)  growth

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  Module 1.1 - Psychology and Adjustment

14.  Processes by which people respond to environmental pressures and cope with stress are known as ______.
A)  reactivity
B)  growth
C)  compensatory behavior
D)  adjustment

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  Module 1.1 - Psychology and Adjustment

15.  Holding down a job to keep the bill collector from our doors, studying hard to graduate from college, making compromises in your own goals to further your relationships with others are all examples of ______.
A)  interlocution
B)  reciprocity
C)  adjustment
D)  growth

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  Module 1.1 - Psychology and Adjustment

16.  Dressing warmly, exercising, or turning up the thermostat when we are cold are examples of ______.
A)  adjustment
B)  reactivity
C)  compensation
D)  reflexive behavior

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  Module 1.1 - Psychology and Adjustment

17.  The strongest and most effective forms of adjustment involve ______.
A)  seeing pressures and problems for what they are
B)  avoiding problems for as long as possible
C)  using psychological defense mechanisms
D)  confronting problems without relying on others for help

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  Module 1.1 - Psychology and Adjustment

18.  Literally speaking, to ______ is to change so as to better conform to, or meet, the demands of one's environment.
A)  grow
B)  mature
C)  adjust
D)  obey

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.1.1 Touchpoints in Our Study of Adjustment

19.  Adjustment is essentially ______.
A)  proactive
B)  reactive
C)  inactive
D)  retroactive

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.1.1 Touchpoints in Our Study of Adjustment

20.  Personal growth is ______.
A)  proactive
B)  reactive
C)  inactive
D)  retroactive

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.1.1 Touchpoints in Our Study of Adjustment

21.  Adjustment is ______ and personal growth is ______.
A)  reactive, reactive
B)  reactive, proactive
C)  proactive, reactive
D)  proactive, proactive

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.1.1 Touchpoints in Our Study of Adjustment

22.  According to your text, people are ______.
A)  neither actors nor reactors
B)  actors, not reactors
C)  reactors, not actors
D)  both actors and reactors

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.1.1 Touchpoints in Our Study of Adjustment

23.  According to your text, when we expand ourselves, or when our lives seem filled with meaning, it is because ______.
A)  we have adjusted
B)  of chance occurrences
C)  of personal growth
D)  we have "arrived"

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.1.1 Touchpoints in Our Study of Adjustment

24.  Personal growth is best described as ______.
A)  a starting point
B)  a way station
C)  a journey
D)  a final destination

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.1.1 Touchpoints in Our Study of Adjustment

25.  In psychology, the term "nature" refers to ______.
A)  the effects of the environment on human development
B)  the psychological processes of nonhuman animals
C)  the natural laws that govern the universe
D)  genetic influences on human development

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.1.1 Touchpoints in Our Study of Adjustment

26.  In psychology, the term "nurture" refers to ______.
A)  the effects of the environment on human development
B)  the effects of intimacy on human infants
C)  the effects of changes in the physical environment
D)  genetic influences on human development

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.1.1 Touchpoints in Our Study of Adjustment

27.  Who we are is ______.
A)  not affected by biology nor the environment
B)  almost totally determined by genetic influences
C)  almost totally determined by environmental influences
D)  due to the interaction of genetic and environmental influences

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.1.1 Touchpoints in Our Study of Adjustment

28.  Physical traits such as height, race, and eye color are genetically transmitted from generation to generation by ______.
A)  endorphins
B)  antigens
C)  genes
D)  leukocytes

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.1.1 Touchpoints in Our Study of Adjustment

29.  ______ are segments of DNA that give rise to our physical traits and biological structures and constitute the basic units of heredity.
A)  Chromosomes
B)  Genes
C)  Molecules
D)  Cells

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.1.1 Touchpoints in Our Study of Adjustment

30.  The basic unit of heredity  is the ______.
A)  chromosome
B)  molecule
C)  atom
D)  gene

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.1.1 Touchpoints in Our Study of Adjustment

31.  Genes are segments of ______.
A)  chromosomes
B)  DNA
C)  molecules
D)  RNA

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.1.1 Touchpoints in Our Study of Adjustment

32.  ______ are strands of DNA that consist of genes.
A)  Molecules
B)  Mitochondria
C)  Ribosomes
D)  Chromosomes

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.1.1 Touchpoints in Our Study of Adjustment

33.  People normally have ______ pairs of chromosomes.
A)  12
B)  23
C)  35
D)  46

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.1.1 Touchpoints in Our Study of Adjustment

34.  Which of the following is true of genetic factors and psychological adjustment?
A)  Genetic factors have been shown to have little or no effect on psychological development and adjustment.
B)  Genetic factors interact with environmental factors and psychological factors to influence behavior.
C)  Genetic factors interact with pre-natal conditions to influence neural development of the fetus, but cease affecting psychological adjustment and growth after birth.
D)  Psychological development and adjustment are almost completely predetermined by genetic factors.

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.1.1 Touchpoints in Our Study of Adjustment

35.  It now appears that genetic factors are involved to some degree in ______ human traits and behaviors.
A)  almost no
B)  only a few
C)  about half of
D)  nearly all

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.1.1 Touchpoints in Our Study of Adjustment

36.  Each of the following is true EXCEPT ______.
A)  genetic factors give rise to specific behavior patterns
B)  genes create a likelihood or predisposition that certain traits or abilities will develop
C)  genetic predispositions interact with other factors, such as learning, in determining our traits and behaviors
D)  by marshalling our resources we can live up to our potential, whatever deck of genes we may have been dealt in life

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.1.1 Touchpoints in Our Study of Adjustment

37.  A psychologist focuses mainly on ways in which psychology can help people correct personal problems and cope with stress. This psychologist is using the ______.
A)  primary process
B)  healthy-personality approach
C)  organic approach
D)  clinical approach

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  1.1.1 Touchpoints in Our Study of Adjustment

38.  A psychologist focuses primarily on healthful patterns of personal growth, including social and vocational development. She is using the ______.
A)  person-environment fit approach
B)  healthy-personality approach
C)  organic approach
D)  clinical approach

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  1.1.1 Touchpoints in Our Study of Adjustment

39.  Your text, in exploring adjustment and growth, focuses ______.
A)  on neither the clinical nor the healthy-personality approach
B)  primarily on the clinical approach
C)  primarily on the healthy-personality approach
D)  on both the clinical and the healthy-personality approach

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.1.1 Touchpoints in Our Study of Adjustment

40.  ______ focus mainly on the study of individual people.
A)  Sociologists
B)  Anthropologists
C)  Psychologists
D)  Ethnologists

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  Module 1.2 - Human Diversity and Adjustment

41.  The healthy-personality approach to adjustment is embodied within a growing movement within psychology called ______ psychology.
A)  esoteric
B)  existential
C)  psychoanalytic
D)  positive

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  Module 1.2 - Human Diversity and Adjustment

42.  Positive psychology was founded by ______.
A)  Albert Ellis
B)  Martin Seligman
C)  Carl Rogers
D)  Abraham Maslow

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  Module 1.2 - Human Diversity and Adjustment

43.  A developing movement in the field of psychology that emphasizes our assets and virtues rather than our weaknesses and deficits is ______ psychology
A)  positive
B)  cognitive
C)  Gestalt
D)  social

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  Module 1.2 - Human Diversity and Adjustment

44.  Groups of people who can be distinguished by characteristics such as their cultural heritage, common history, race, and language are called ______.
A)  ethnic groups
B)  subcultures
C)  countercultures
D)  races

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.2.1 Ethnic Diversity

45.  Each of the following is a reason presented in your text for studying diversity EXCEPT ______.
A)  experiences of various ethnic groups in the United States highlight the impact of social, political, and economic factors on human behavior and development
B)  the ethnic make-up of the United States is rapidly changing
C)  knowledge of such groups allows for better identification and control of dissident elements within those groups
D)  studying human diversity enables students to appreciate the cultural heritages and historical problems of various ethnic groups

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.2.1 Ethnic Diversity

46.  The state of being male or female is known as ______.
A)  sexuality
B)  sensuality
C)  sexual orientation
D)  gender

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.2.2 Gender

47.  Gender is ______.
A)  neither a psychosocial nor a biological concept
B)  biological concept, not a psychosocial concept
C)  psychosocial concept, not a biological concept
D)  both a psychosocial and a biological concept

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.2.2 Gender

48.  The term ______ refers to the biological division between male and female, as when we describe the sexual organs that distinguish the reproductive anatomy of men and women.
A)  gender
B)  phylum
C)  categorum
D)  sex

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.2.2 Gender

49.  The term “gender” refers to a ______ concept, and the term “sex” refers to a ______ concept.
A)  biological, biological
B)  psychosocial, biological
C)  biological, psychosocial
D)  psychosocial, psychosocial

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.2.2 Gender

50.  Each of the following is true EXCEPT ______.
A)  in our society, most research has been conducted with men, by men, for the benefit of men
B)  careers of women have been traditionally channeled into domestic chores, regardless of their talents, wishes, or abilities
C)  even today, women in the United States are legally prevented from earning doctorates in many scientific fields
D)  even today, women in many parts of the world are prevented from pursuing educational and training opportunities afforded to men

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.2.2 Gender

51.  Each of the following is true EXCEPT ______.
A)  gender is wrapped up with a complex web of cultural expectations and social roles about how we are expected to act as women or men
B)  careers of women have been traditionally channeled into domestic chores, regardless of their talents, wishes, or abilities
C)  even today, men earn most of the undergraduate degrees and doctorates in psychology
D)  even today, women in many parts of the world are prevented from pursuing educational and training opportunities afforded to men

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.2.2 Gender

52.  Women in Western cultures were generally considered unsuitable for education until ______.
A)  the Middle ages
B)  the Renaissance
C)  the Enlightenment
D)  relatively modern times

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.2.2 Gender

53.  Women were first allowed to attend college in the United States in ______.
A)  1833
B)  1863
C)  1893
D)  1923

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.2.2 Gender

54.  The first college in the United States to accept women was ______.
A)  Oberlin
B)  Antioch
C)  Radcliff
D)  Bennington

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.2.2 Gender

55.  The earliest female pioneer in psychology was ______.
A)  Margaret Mahler
B)  Anna Freud
C)  Karen Horney
D)  Christine Ladd-Franklin

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.2.2 Gender

56.  Today, about ______ of the undergraduate degrees and doctorates in psychology are granted to women.
A)  one-third
B)  one-half
C)  two-thirds
D)  four-fifths

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.2.2 Gender

57.  Today, ______ women are in the workforce and they are paid ______ men in comparable positions.
A)  a large minority of, less than
B)  a large minority of, as much as
C)  most, less than
D)  most, as much as

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.2.2 Gender

58.  The psychology of adjustment provides ______ approach to coping with the challenges of life.
A)  a scientific
B)  an intuitive
C)  an unorthodox
D)  a phenomenological

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  Module 1.3 - Critical Thinking and Adjustment

59.  An approach to thinking characterized by skepticism and thoughtful analysis of statements and arguments is called ______ thinking.
A)  dialectical
B)  emotional
C)  introjective
D)  critical

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  Module 1.3 - Critical Thinking and Adjustment

60.  Anne takes nothing for granted. She examines definitions and terms and scrutinizes the logic with which arguments are developed. She is engaging in ______ thinking.
A)  dialectical
B)  emotional
C)  introjective
D)  critical

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  Module 1.3 - Critical Thinking and Adjustment

61.  Each of the following is true of critical thinking EXCEPT ______.
A)  it means taking nothing for granted
B)  it means expressing all your feelings
C)  it refers to thoughtfully analyzing the statements and terms of other people
D)  it is essential to your adjustment

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.3.1 Features of Critical Thinking

62.  Each of the following is a feature of critical thinking EXCEPT ______.
A)  be cynical
B)  don't overgeneralize
C)  don't oversimplify
D)  examine the definition of terms

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.3.1 Features of Critical Thinking

63.  Each of the following is a feature of critical thinking EXCEPT ______.
A)  maintain a healthy skepticism
B)  apply critical thinking to all areas of life
C)  remain open-minded and accepting of others' ideas
D)  be cautious in drawing conclusions from evidence

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.3.1 Features of Critical Thinking

64.  Astrology, palmistry, and phrenology are all examples of ______.
A)  protosciences
B)  pseudosciences
C)  philosophical methods
D)  modern sciences

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  1.3.2 Thinking Critically About Astrology and Other Pseudosciences

65.  A method or system that claims to have a scientific basis but does not, is a ______.
A)  protoscience
B)  pseudoscience
C)  philosophical method
D)  modern science

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.3.2 Thinking Critically About Astrology and Other Pseudosciences

66.  The tendency to believe a generalized but phony personality report is called ______.
A)  the Phi phenomenon
B)  Weber's Law
C)  the Stockholm syndrome
D)  the Barnum effect

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.3.2 Thinking Critically About Astrology and Other Pseudosciences

67.  Astrologers, palm-readers, and other “psychic” readers have made a fortune for years primarily on the basis of ______.
A)  the Phi phenomenon
B)  Weber's Law
C)  the Stockholm syndrome
D)  the Barnum effect

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.3.2 Thinking Critically About Astrology and Other Pseudosciences

68.  One person in ______ in the United States today believes in Astrology.
A)  two
B)  four
C)  eight
D)  sixteen

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.3.2 Thinking Critically About Astrology and Other Pseudosciences

69.  ______ is based on the notion that the positions of the sun, the moon, and the stars affect human temperament and human affairs.
A)  Astronomy
B)  Relativity
C)  Astrology
D)  Astrophysics

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.3.2 Thinking Critically About Astrology and Other Pseudosciences

70.  Psychology is a(n) ______.
A)  art form
B)  philosophical approach
C)  pseudoscience
D)  science

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.3.2 Thinking Critically About Astrology and Other Pseudosciences

71.  Science differs from opinion, magic, religion, and other nonscientific belief systems in that it ______.
A)  is not as commonly accepted or valid as opinion
B)  requires that its followers have a formal education
C)  must be supported by testable evidence
D)  requires faith and belief in things that cannot always be tested or proven

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.3.2 Thinking Critically About Astrology and Other Pseudosciences

72.  Researchers have found that astrological predictions are ______ to come true than predictions based on chance.
A)  significantly more likely
B)  somewhat more likely
C)  no more likely
D)  much less likely

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.3.2 Thinking Critically About Astrology and Other Pseudosciences

73.  Scientific research has found ______.
A)  no basis for beliefs that one's personality is related to one's birth sign
B)  small but consistent correlations between one's personality and one's birth sign
C)  moderate but inconsistent correlations between one's personality and one's birth sign
D)  large and consistent correlations between one's personality and one's birth sign

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.3.2 Thinking Critically About Astrology and Other Pseudosciences

74.  Each of the following is true of self-help books EXCEPT ______.
A)  authors of these books must be able to back up their claims with evidence before they can get them published
B)  bad books make extensive use of anecdotal evidence
C)  there are few, if any quick fixes to psychological and health problems
D)  be suspicious about authors who criticize professional groups and claim to be ahead of their time

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.3.3 Thinking Critically About Self-Help Books: Are There Any Quick Fixes?

75.  Each of the following is true of self-help books EXCEPT ______.
A)  authors can make extravagant claims with little fear of punishment
B)  good books make extensive use of anecdotal evidence
C)  legitimate research is reported in professional journals
D)  you should be suspicious if the author's title is just “Dr.” and is placed before the name

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.3.3 Thinking Critically About Self-Help Books: Are There Any Quick Fixes?

76.  An organized means of expanding and refining knowledge, consisting of a group of principles that generally guide scientists' research endeavors, is known as ______.
A)  a theory
B)  the scientific method
C)  a hypothesis
D)  a cognitive schema

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.4.1 The Scientific Method: Putting Ideas to the Test

77.  A method for obtaining scientific evidence in which a hypothesis is formed and tested is ______.
A)  the intuitive method
B)  objective introspection
C)  the scientific method
D)  the Socratic method

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.4.1 The Scientific Method: Putting Ideas to the Test

78.  Which of the following is the first of the basic steps to the scientific method?
A)  drawing on information from other belief systems
B)  testing a hypothesis
C)  formulating a research question
D)  drawing conclusions from research results

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.4.1 The Scientific Method: Putting Ideas to the Test

79.  Which of the following is NOT one of the basic steps to the scientific method?
A)  drawing on information from other belief systems
B)  testing a hypothesis
C)  formulating a research question
D)  drawing conclusions from research results

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.4.1 The Scientific Method: Putting Ideas to the Test

80.  A specific prediction about behavior or mental processes that is tested through research is called ______.
A)  an opinion
B)  a paradigm
C)  a placebo
D)  a hypothesis

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.4.1 The Scientific Method: Putting Ideas to the Test

81.  A researcher studying day-care states that preschoolers placed in day-care will acquire greater social skills in relating to peers than preschoolers raised in the home. This statement is subsequently supported by her research. The statement is an example of ______.
A)  a theory
B)  an opinion
C)  a hypothesis
D)  a paradigm

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  1.4.1 The Scientific Method: Putting Ideas to the Test

82.  A statistical association or relationship between two or more variables is a ______.
A)  selection factor
B)  correlation
C)  dependent variable
D)  causation

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.4.1 The Scientific Method: Putting Ideas to the Test

83.  A researcher finds that the more people smoke cigarettes, the more likely it is that they will develop lung cancer. This researcher has found ______.
A)  observer bias
B)  causation
C)  a treatment variable
D)  a correlation

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  1.4.1 The Scientific Method: Putting Ideas to the Test

84.  The process by which one variable directly influences another is known as ______.
A)  a selection factor
B)  correlation
C)  inference
D)  causation

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.4.1 The Scientific Method: Putting Ideas to the Test

85.  A researcher finds that more aggressive children tend to watch more violent television. While she is tempted to conclude that violent television causes aggressive behavior in children, she realizes that it might be that children who choose to watch violent television may be more aggressive to begin with. If this is true, it is a classic example of a ______.
A)  selection factor
B)  latency effect
C)  cue-controlled stimulus
D)  volunteer bias

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  1.4.1 The Scientific Method: Putting Ideas to the Test

86.  A source of bias that may occur in research when subjects are allowed to determine for themselves whether or not they will receive a treatment condition in a scientific study is known as a(n) ______.
A)  observer bias
B)  response set
C)  selection factor
D)  generalization error

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.4.1 The Scientific Method: Putting Ideas to the Test

87.  To find out if someone's research can be generalized from the subjects used in the study to other populations, or to corroborate the results of someone else's research, scientists are most likely to ______ the research.
A)  delineate
B)  replicate
C)  review
D)  abrogate

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.4.1 The Scientific Method: Putting Ideas to the Test

88.  Most of the large sample research on the relationships between lifestyle and health has been conducted with ______.
A)  children
B)  men
C)  women
D)  the elderly

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.4.1 The Scientific Method: Putting Ideas to the Test

89.  Which of the following is NOT a true statement?
A)  Men are more likely than women to put in a double shift in regards to the workplace.
B)  Historically, there has been a bias in favor of conducting research with men.
C)  Research that uses samples of mostly white women may ignore the concerns and needs of women of color.
D)  Minorities have been historically underrepresented in research     .

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

90.  Research samples have tended to ______.
A)  underrepresent women and ethnic minority groups
B)  underrepresent women but overrepresent ethnic minority groups
C)  underrepresent ethnic minority groups but overrepresent women
D)  overrepresent women and ethnic minority groups

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

91.  A psychologist studies one, or a handful of people, in great depth, seeking factors that contribute to notable or rare behavior patterns, putting together a portrait or compilation of the person or persons being studied. The psychologist is using the ______ method.
A)  naturalistic observation
B)  case study
C)  correlational
D)  experimental

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

92.  A method of research based on a carefully drawn biography obtained through interviews, questionnaires, or psychological tests is ______.
A)  the case study method
B)  the correlational study
C)  the experimental method
D)  naturalistic observation

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

93.  Unscientific accounts of people's behavior are referred to as ______.
A)  case studies
B)  anecdotes
C)  naturalistic observation
D)  surveys

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

94.  Sigmund Freud developed his theories of personality largely on the basis of ______.
A)  the case study method
B)  the correlational study
C)  the experimental method
D)  naturalistic observation

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

95.  Which of the following is NOT listed by your text as a weakness of the case study method?
A)  subjects' memories are often incomplete
B)  subjects' memories are often distorted
C)  there are ethical issues regarding the inappropriate use of control groups
D)  researchers sometimes guide subjects to remember information in ways that are consistent with the researchers' theoretical perspectives

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

96.  The tendency of subjects to provide researchers with politically correct or ideal answers is typical of ______.
A)  a selection factor
B)  the social desirability bias
C)  observer bias
D)  the phi phenomenon

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

97.  Amy is being interviewed as part of a research study. During the interview she makes a point of expounding upon her many charitable activities in the communities, while conveniently “forgetting” to discuss the time she spend in jail for shoplifting. Her behavior is an example of ______.
A)  the fundamental attribution error
B)  the actor-observer effect
C)  the saliency bias
D)  the social desirability bias

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

98.  The tendency of subjects to portray themselves to researchers in a favorable light is known as ______.
A)  a selection factor
B)  the social desirability bias
C)  observer bias
D)  the phi phenomenon

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

99.  The type of research that may be best-suited for investigating rare occurrences such as a person with dissociative identity disorder, is the ______ method.
A)  survey
B)  correlational
C)  cross-sectional
D)  case study

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

100.  The research method used by psychologists that involves the use of questionnaires, interviews, or public records to examine people's behaviors, attitudes, opinions, or feelings is the ______ method.
A)  case study
B)  correlational study
C)  survey
D)  experiment

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

101.  A researcher asks a large number of students to rate themselves as either "liberal," "conservative," or "middle of the road." He then asks students to express their opinions on a variety of current issues from the federal deficit to legalization of drugs. The researcher then compiles the students' answers to find out what percentages of students labeled themselves as  "liberal," etc. This researcher is using the ______ method.
A)  survey
B)  correlational
C)  case study
D)  experimental

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

102.  A scientific research method in which large samples of people are questioned about behavior and mental processes that cannot be observed in a natural setting or studied experimentally is a ______.
A)  survey
B)  correlational
C)  case study
D)  experimental

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

103.  A political poll in which people are asked who they intend to vote for is an example of the ______ method of research.
A)  survey
B)  correlational
C)  case study
D)  experimental

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

104.  In the Literary Digest poll discussed in your text, the poll incorrectly indicated that Alf Landon would defeat Franklin Roosevelt in the upcoming election. In the real election, Roosevelt won in a landslide. The poll's inaccuracy was due to ______.
A)  the fact that most respondents felt their privacy was being intruded upon by the poll and lied about how they intended to vote
B)  the fact that the poll surveyed people over the phone, and at the time, only the wealthy had telephones
C)  improper statistical methods used by the researchers to tabulate the results of the poll
D)  the fact that the poll used vaguely worded questions that confused the respondents

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

105.  To apply observations based on a small research sample to a much larger population is to ______ the research observations.
A)  stratify
B)  verify
C)  generalize
D)  validate

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

106.  Subjects drawn from a large group who are observed for research purposes are called a ______.
A)  sample
B)  population
C)  treatment group
D)  control group

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

107.  To psychologists, a complete group of organisms or events targeted for research is called a ______.
A)  sample
B)  population
C)  treatment group
D)  control group

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

108.  A sample that is drawn so that each member of a target population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate in the sample is called a ______.
A)  stratified sample
B)  control sample
C)  selection sample
D)  random sample

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

109.  A researcher knows that 12 percent of a target population is African American and 9 percent is Hispanic American. The researcher selects her sample so that she ends up with a sample containing exactly 12 percent African Americans and 9 percent Hispanic Americans. This researcher used a ______ sample.
A)  stratified
B)  control
C)  biased
D)  random

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

110.  A sample drawn such that known subgroups within a population are represented in proportion to their numbers in the population is a ______ sample.
A)  stratified
B)  control
C)  biased
D)  random

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

111.  According to your text, a random sample of about ______ people will represent the general American population reasonably well.
A)  600
B)  900
C)  1200
D)  1500

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

112.  Scientists have found that people who agree to participate in research studies differ systematically from people who do not. This problem is known as ______.
A)  population bias
B)  volunteer bias
C)  control variance
D)  placebo effect

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

113.  Large-scale surveys of sexual behavior such as those run by Sports Illustrated or People magazine of their readers probably do not reflect the attitudes of the general American population because of ______.
A)  population bias
B)  cognitive distortion
C)  volunteer bias
D)  placebo effect

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

114.  Each of the following is true of volunteer bias EXCEPT ______.
A)  volunteers for research may represent specific subgroups of the population who differ systematically from the overall population
B)  volunteers may be more interested in research than nonvolunteers
C)  volunteers may have more spare time than nonvolunteers
D)  volunteers are usually less intelligent but more trusting than nonvolunteers

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

115.  In the National Health and Social Life Survey, male subjects reported having ______ sexual partners since age 18 than female subjects reported, and a majority of both male and female subjects in the study reported having ______ than 10 sexual partners since age 18.
A)  fewer, fewer
B)  more, fewer
C)  fewer, more
D)  more, more

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

116.  According to the National Health and Social Life Survey, about ______ percent of males reported having 11 or more sex partners since age 18.
A)  13
B)  33
C)  53
D)  73

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

117.  According to the National Health and Social Life Survey, about ______ percent of females report having 11 or more sexual partners since age 18.
A)  9
B)  29
C)  49
D)  69

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

118.  In the current United States population, the reported number of lifetime sexual partners appears to rise with age until the ______.
A)  30s
B)  40s
C)  50s
D)  60s

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

119.  According to the National Health and Social Life Survey, education is a ______ influence on sexual behavior and conservative religious experience is a ______ influence.
A)  restraining, restraining
B)  restraining, liberating
C)  liberating, restraining
D)  liberating, liberating

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

120.  Which of the following people is most likely to have had the highest number of sexual partners in his or her lifetime?
A)  Someone who has completed grade school, but not middle school.
B)  Someone who has completed middle school, but not high school.
C)  Someone who has completed high school, but never attended college.
D)  Someone who has had some college education or has completed a college degree.

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

121.  Which of the following people is most likely to have had the highest number of sexual partners in his or her lifetime?
A)  Someone who reports having no religion.
B)  Someone who claims to be a liberal Protestant.
C)  Someone who claims to be a Catholic.
D)  Someone who claims to be a conservative Protestant.

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

122.  Which of the following people is most likely to have had the highest number of sexual partners in his or her lifetime?
A)  An African American.
B)  A non-Hispanic white American.
C)  A Latino or Latina American
D)  A Native American

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

123.  According to the National Health and Social Life Survey, the most sexually restrained group in America is ______.
A)  African Americans
B)  Latino and Latina Americans
C)  Asian Americans
D)  Native Americans

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

124.  The research method by which psychologists study behavior "in the field" with as little interference as possible is the ______ method.
A)  case study
B)  laboratory observation
C)  experimental
D)  naturalistic observation

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

125.  The research method that focuses on using unobtrusive measures in observing subjects' behaviors is the ______ method.
A)  naturalistic observation
B)  laboratory observation
C)  experimental
D)  survey

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

126.  Quietly and unobtrusively studying how children play in a park is an example of ______.
A)  the case study method
B)  naturalistic observation
C)  a correlational study
D)  an experimental study

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

127.  The naturalistic observation method provides _______ information. It ______ the best method for determining the causes of behavior.
A)  empirical, is
B)  empirical, is not
C)  descriptive, is
D)  descriptive, is not

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

128.  The type of psychological research in which researchers attempt to discover if one or more variables are statistically related or linked to one another is the ______ method.
A)  laboratory observation
B)  correlational
C)  survey
D)  experimental

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

129.  A correlation coefficient is a number that varies between ______.
A)  -.50 and .50
B)  -1.00 and 1.00
C)  -2.00 and 2.00
D)  -5.00 and 5.00

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

130.  A correlation coefficient measures ______ of  the relationship between two variables.
A)  neither the strength nor direction
B)  the strength, but not the direction
C)  the direction, but not the strength
D)  both the strength and direction

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

131.  Which of the following is the strongest correlation between two variables?
A)  +0.23
B)  -0.01
C)  +0.79
D)  -0.97

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

132.  Which of the following represents the weakest correlation between two variables?
A)  +0.23
B)  +0.01
C)  -0.79
D)  -0.97

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

133.  A relationship between variables in which one variable increases as the other also increases is a ______.
A)  placebo effect
B)  positive correlation
C)  selection factor
D)  negative correlation

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

134.  A relationship between variables in which one variable increases as the other decreases is a ______.
A)  placebo effect
B)  a positive correlation
C)  a selection factor
D)  a negative correlation

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

135.  Scientists have found that, on average, as a person's height increases, so does her or his weight. This finding is an example of ______.
A)  placebo effect
B)  a positive correlation
C)  a selection factor
D)  a negative correlation

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

136.  Scientists have found that, on average, as people's scores on intelligence tests increase, the better their academic performance tends to be. This is an example of ______.
A)  a neutral correlation
B)  a positive correlation
C)  a selection factor
D)  a negative correlation

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

137.  Scientists have found that, on average, as a person's weight goes up, her or his activity level goes down. This is an example of ______.
A)  placebo effect
B)  a positive correlation
C)  a selection factor
D)  a negative correlation

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

138.  Scientists have found that ,on average, as people's stress levels increase, the functioning of their immune system decreases. This is an example of ______.
A)  a neutral correlation
B)  a positive correlation
C)  a selection factor
D)  a negative correlation

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

139.  A weakness of correlational studies is that ______.
A)  they are expensive to set up and time consuming to run
B)  they are subject to high levels of bias and distortion
C)  they often require the use of deception, raising several ethical issues
D)  they cannot be used to prove cause and effect

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

140.  A scientist is interested in finding out if there is a statistical relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer. Which type of research will be most effective in this regard?
A)  a survey
B)  laboratory observation
C)  naturalistic observation
D)  a correlational study

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

141.  Recent research indicates that people who live together before getting married are ______ than people who marry without living together first.
A)  less likely to have extramarital affairs
B)  more likely to have extramarital affairs
C)  more likely to get divorced
D)  less likely to get divorced

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

142.  Most psychologists agree that the preferred method for determining cause and effect in human behavior is the ______ method.
A)  case study
B)  correlational
C)  laboratory observation
D)  experimental

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

143.  If a researcher could ethically conduct research to find out what CAUSES the relationship between lung cancer and cigarette smoking, what method of research would be most effective for doing this?
A)  an experimental study
B)  a case study
C)  a correlational study
D)  a laboratory observation study

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

144.  A scientific method that seeks to discover cause-and-effect relationships by introducing independent variables and observing their effect on dependent variables is the ______ method.
A)  correlational
B)  experimental
C)  naturalistic observation
D)  case study

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

145.  A condition in a scientific study that is manipulated so that its effects may be observed  is the ______.
A)  dependent variable
B)  experimental control
C)  experimental blind
D)  independent variable

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

146.  In an experiment, if there are two groups being studied and one group is given alcohol to measure its effects while the other group is not given the alcohol, the alcohol would be considered the ______.
A)  dependent variable
B)  experimental control
C)  experimental blind
D)  independent variable

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

147.  In an experiment, if there are two groups being studied and one group is given alcohol to measure its effects on driving ability, while the other group is not given the alcohol, the subjects' driving ability is the ______.
A)  dependent variable
B)  experimental control
C)  experimental blind
D)  independent variable

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

148.  A measure of the assumed effect of an independent variable is the ______.
A)  dependent variable
B)  experimental control
C)  experimental blind
D)  placebo effect

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

149.  In an experiment, if there are two groups being studied and one group is given alcohol to measure its effects, while the other group is not given alcohol, the alcohol would be considered ______.
A)  the blind
B)  the control
C)  the treatment
D)  the dependent variable

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

150.  In an experiment, if there are two groups being studied and one group is given alcohol to measure its effects while the other group is not given alcohol, the people receiving the alcohol would be considered ______.
A)  the dependent group
B)  the experimental group
C)  the independent group
D)  the control group

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

151.  In an experiment, if there are two groups being studied and one group is given alcohol to measure its effects while the other group is not given alcohol, the people who do not get the alcohol would be considered ______.
A)  the dependent group
B)  the experimental group
C)  the independent group
D)  the control group

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

152.  In well-designed studies subjects are assigned ______ to treatment and control groups.
A)  arbitrarily
B)  haphazardly
C)  randomly
D)  sequentially

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

153.  Which of the following is NOT used to help control for subjects' behavior and expectations in an experimental study?
A)  placebo
B)  blind
C)  random assignment
D)  a selection factor

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

154.  A bogus treatment that has the appearance of being genuine is called ______.
A)  a placebo
B)  a control
C)  a schema
D)  a selection factor

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

155.  In a study to measure the effects of a new drug to treat anxiety, some subjects are given the real drug while others are given sugar pills. In this situation, the sugar pills are being used as ______.
A)  a placebo
B)  a selection factor
C)  a blind
D)  a pablum

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

156.  In experiments, some subjects are kept unaware of whether or not they have received an experimental treatment. This is known as keeping the subjects ______.
A)  confused
B)  generalized
C)  blind
D)  isolated

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

157.  Experiments in which neither the subjects nor the researchers know who has been given the treatment and who has not are known as ______ studies.
A)  single blind
B)  double blind
C)  tertiary
D)  strain

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

158.  Lang's (1975) study found that men who drank non-alcoholic tonic water, but who had been led to believe that it contained alcohol ______.
A)  did not change in their behavior patterns and continued to act sober
B)  were somewhat more aggressive, but not as aggressive as men who had drank tonic water actually containing alcohol
C)  were more aggressive than  men who had unknowingly drank tonic water actually containing alcohol
D)  passed out and were unable to be compared to men who drank tonic water actually containing alcohol

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

159.  In double-blind controlled studies, evidence shows that ______ can guess at greater than chance levels of accuracy whether an active drug or placebo was used.
A)  neither prescribing doctors nor patients
B)  prescribing doctors, but not patients
C)  patients, but not prescribing doctors
D)  both prescribing doctors and patients

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

160.  Each of the following is recommended by your authors for taking an active approach to learning EXCEPT ______.
A)  plan ahead
B)  study only one subject per day
C)  practice self-reward
D)  expand your attention span

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  Module 1.5 - Psychology in Daily Life

161.  Most of us learn ______.
A)  better by not doing any formal studying
B)  better through massed learning rather than distributed learning
C)  equally well from either massed or distributed learning
D)  better through distributed learning rather than massed learning

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  Module 1.5 - Psychology in Daily Life

162.  The person who on average earns the most money per year is someone with a ______.
A)  Doctorate degree
B)  certificate in a skilled trade
C)  Professional degree
D)  Masters degree

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  Module 1.5 - Psychology in Daily Life

163.  The widely used study technique developed by psychologist Francis Robinson in 1970 is the ______ system.
A)  OK5R
B)  SBQ
C)  SPVQ
D)  SQ3R

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  Module 1.5 - Psychology in Daily Life

164.  The SQ3R system was developed for ______.
A)  reading your textbook
B)  taking better classroom notes
C)  reducing test anxiety
D)  improving visual perception

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  Module 1.5 - Psychology in Daily Life

165.  In the SQ3R study system, the 3 R's stand for ______.
A)  read, recite, reflect
B)  recite, reflect, review
C)  read, recite, review
D)  reduce, recite, reflect

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  Module 1.5 - Psychology in Daily Life

166.  The “S” in the SQ3R system stands for ______.
A)  study
B)  survey
C)  select
D)  surround

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  Module 1.5 - Psychology in Daily Life

167.  Each of the following is true of test anxiety EXCEPT ______.
A)  it is often linked to exaggerated, catastrophic thoughts
B)  it can make it difficult to focus your attention to the best of your ability
C)  it can be alleviated by using relaxation techniques
D)  it is not commonly found among college students

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  Module 1.5 - Psychology in Daily Life

168.  Listening to your iPod, while simultaneously watching TV when you are studying is an example of ______.
A)  multitasking
B)  the Pygmalion effect
C)  convergence of focus
D)  diversification

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  Module 1.1 - Psychology and Adjustment

169.  Today about ______ percent of people report that they read their e-mail while talking on the phone.
A)  34
B)  54
C)  74
D)  94

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  Module 1.1 - Psychology and Adjustment

170.  The word “multitasking” is derived from the field of ______.
A)  ergonomics
B)  physics
C)  social psychology
D)  computer science

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  Module 1.1 - Psychology and Adjustment

171.  The process of engaging in two or more activities at a time is known as ______.
A)  multitasking
B)  networking
C)  convergence of focus
D)  diversification of effort

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  Module 1.1 - Psychology and Adjustment

172.  The key problem with multitasking is one of ______.
A)  technological limitations
B)  environmental distractions
C)  divided attention
D)  motivational fatigue

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  Module 1.1 - Psychology and Adjustment

173.  About one in ______ male and female drivers report texting messages while driving.
A)  three
B)  five
C)  seven
D)  nine

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  Module 1.1 - Psychology and Adjustment

174.  The problem of overloading our mental resources is especially keen when it comes to tasks that ______.
A)  involve well-practiced mechanical skills
B)  engage different areas of the brain
C)  engage the same parts of the brain
D)  involve using our dominant hand

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  Module 1.1 - Psychology and Adjustment

175.  In which of the following situations would multitasking be most difficult?
A)  listening to TV while engaging in a phone conversation
B)  thinking about a math problem while tapping your fingers on a desk
C)  planning your daily schedule while washing dishes
D)  running a  mile track while thinking about a research problem

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  Module 1.1 - Psychology and Adjustment

176.  In which of the following situations would multitasking be least difficult?
A)  listening to TV while engaging in a phone conversation
B)  text messaging while driving
C)  listening to your i-pod while studying for a test
D)  thinking about a research problem while washing dishes

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Applied
Section Reference:  Module 1.1 - Psychology and Adjustment

177.  We tend to multitask best when ______.
A)  engaging in tasks that both involve the same parts of the brain
B)  trying to accomplish challenging mental tasks
C)  using our nondominant hand or foot for one of the tasks
D)  one of the tasks is a well-practiced mechanical habit, such as washing dishes

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  Module 1.1 - Psychology and Adjustment

178.  According to Vladimir Horowitz, the worst thing that can befall concert pianists during a performance is to ______.
A)  lose track of time
B)  think about what their fingers are doing
C)  focus on the reaction of the audience
D)  get “lost” in the music

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  Module 1.1 - Psychology and Adjustment

179.  The study of human happiness is front and center in the field of ______ psychology.
A)  abnormal
B)  developmental
C)  positive
D)  behavioral

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Conceptual
Section Reference:  Module 1.1 - Psychology and Adjustment

180.  Above ______ per year in annual income, increasing wealth is not linked to substantial gains in happiness.
A)  $50,000
B)  $100,000
C)  $500,000
D)  $1,000,000

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  Module 1.1 - Psychology and Adjustment

181.  Winning the lottery tends to ______.
A)  result in long-term decreases in happiness.
B)  have no impact on happiness whatsoever
C)  result in only a temporary boost in happiness
D)  promote long-term increases in happiness

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  Module 1.1 - Psychology and Adjustment

182.  Increases in happiness related to winning the lottery tend to ______.
A)  fade within a few days
B)  fade within a few weeks
C)  fade within a year or so
D)  remain constant for at least 5 to 10 years

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  Module 1.1 - Psychology and Adjustment

183.  Each of the following has been linked to happiness EXCEPT ______.
A)  genetics
B)  intelligence
C)  having friends
D)  religious faith

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  Module 1.1 - Psychology and Adjustment

184.  Seligman believes that boosting happiness involves each of the following fundamental challenges EXCEPT ______.
A)  engaging in pleasurable activities
B)  becoming absorbed and engaged in activities in daily life
C)  finding meaning or personal fulfillment in life activities
D)  becoming immersed in religious devotion and spiritual development

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  Module 1.1 - Psychology and Adjustment

185.  As we began the new millennium, ______ percent of U.S. residents were members of traditionally recognized ethnic or minority groups.
A)  one-tenth
B)  one-third
C)  one-half
D)  two-thirds

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.2.2 Gender

186.  As we began the new millennium, in Canada, non-white minorities comprised about ______ percent of the population.
A)  1
B)  13
C)  33
D)  53

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.2.2 Gender

187.  Presently, ______ comprise the largest minority groups in the United States.
A)  Asian Americans and African Americans
B)  Hispanics and Asian Americans
C)  Hispanics and African Americans
D)  African Americans and Native Americans

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.2.2 Gender

188.  The ethnic diversity of American college students ______.
A)  is significantly less diverse than the diversity in the general population
B)  is about the same as the diversity in the general population
C)  is significantly greater than the diversity in the general population
D)  has, to date, not been scientifically studied

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.2.2 Gender

189.  About ______ percent of American college students report either Hispanic, black, or Asian ethnicity.
A)  5
B)  15
C)  30
D)  45

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Difficult
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.2.2 Gender

190.  The fastest growing ethnic groups in the United States are ______.
A)  African Americans and Asian Americans
B)  Native Americans and African Americans
C)  Latino and Latina Americans and African Americans
D)  Asian Americans and Latino and Latina Americans

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.2.2 Gender

191.  By the middle of the century, whites will constitute a ______ of the U.S. population.
A)  small minority
B)  large minority
C)  slim majority
D)  large majority

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.2.2 Gender

192.  Each of the following is true EXCEPT ______.
A)  much of the information on the internet is incomplete, misleading, difficult for the average person to understand, or just plain wrong
B)  the internet provides a vast repository about psychology, self-help, relationships, and health
C)  most health-related product claims on the internet are scientifically valid
D)  many money-back guarantees do not promise that the product will work as advertised

Ans:  C
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.3.3 Thinking Critically About Self-Help Books: Are There Any Quick Fixes?

193.  According to your text, which of the following is the preferred method of communication for millions of Americans today?
A)  email
B)  texting
C)  telephone calls
D)  speaking

Ans:  B
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

194.  Between 2005 and 2008, the number of text messages Americans sent ______.
A)  declined slightly
B)  did not significantly increase or decrease
C)  increased slightly
D)  increased tenfold

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

195.  Teenagers today write ______.
A)  less than any previous generation in the last two hundred years
B)  significantly less than any recent generation
C)  about the same as recent generations
D)  more than any recent generation

Ans:  D
Difficulty Level:  Moderate
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

196.  Each of the following is true EXCEPT ______.
A)  texting is simply an alternative to calling or conversing
B)  texting can be dangerously distracting while driving
C)  heavy users of texting and IM may simply forget to use the proper form of the language in their formal writing
D)  today's teenagers are writing more than any recent generation

Ans:  A
Difficulty Level:  Easy
Question Type:  Factual
Section Reference:  Do U Txt?

True/False

197.  Most of life's challenges offer us the opportunity to grow.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  Chapter  1 Introduction

198.  Life in the new millennium has in many ways become more challenging than ever.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  Chapter  1 Introduction

199.  Psychology is not well suited to help people meet the challenges of contemporary life

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  Chapter  1 Introduction

200.  Adjustment is behavior that permits us to meet the demands of the environment.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  Chapter  1 Introduction

201.  People today say they are multitasking more than ever before.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  Module 1.1 - Psychology and Adjustment

202.  We can multitask most efficiently if we are engaging in tasks that both use the same parts of the brain.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  Module 1.1 - Psychology and Adjustment

203.  Paying too much attention to routine tasks may be counterproductive.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  Module 1.1 - Psychology and Adjustment

204.  Adjustment is essentially proactive.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  1.1.1 Touchpoints in Our Study of Adjustment

205.  We create novel environments to suit our needs.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  1.1.1 Touchpoints in Our Study of Adjustment

206.  There is a one-to-one connection between some individual genes and corresponding psychological traits

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  1.1.1 Touchpoints in Our Study of Adjustment

207.  Psychological traits such as intelligence and shyness are biologically transmitted from generation to generation with little environmental influence.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  1.1.1 Touchpoints in Our Study of Adjustment

208.  Biology is destiny.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  1.1.1 Touchpoints in Our Study of Adjustment

209.  There is a strong positive correlation between money and health.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  Module 1.1 - Psychology and Adjustment

210.  Psychologists focus on and are committed to the dignity of the individual.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  Module 1.2 - Human Diversity and Adjustment

211.  The cultural heritages of ethnic minority groups are likely to have increasing impacts on the cultural life of the United States.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  1.2.1 Ethnic Diversity

212.  By the year 2050, most Americans will be non-white.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  Module 1.2 - Human Diversity and Adjustment

213.  A person's gender identity is simply a matter of her or his anatomy.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  1.2.2 Gender

214.  Fewer than half of today's post-secondary psychology students are women.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  1.2.2 Gender

215.  Women were not permitted to attend college in the United States until 1833.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  1.2.2 Gender

216.  Psychology is a science.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  Module 1.3 - Critical Thinking and Adjustment

217.  Astrology is a science.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  1.3.2 Thinking Critically About Astrology and Other Pseudosciences

218.  Most people in the United States believe in astrology.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  1.3.2 Thinking Critically About Astrology and Other Pseudosciences

219.  Scientific statements about behavior must be supported by evidence.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  1.3.2 Thinking Critically About Astrology and Other Pseudosciences

220.  Good quality scientific research makes extensive use of anecdotes.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  1.3.3 Thinking Critically About Self-Help Books: Are There Any Quick Fixes?

221.  Scientific research has shown that TV violence causes aggressiveness in children.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  1.4.1 The Scientific Method: Putting Ideas to the Test

222.  There is a historic bias of conducting research with women in the field of health.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

223.  Women are more likely than men to put in a "double shift" in the workplace.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

224.  Research findings with men can usually be generalized to women.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

225.  Most of us gather our information about people haphazardly.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

226.  Sigmund Freud developed his theory of personality largely on the basis of experimental studies.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

227.  A population is a segment of a sample.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

228.  A random sample of 1,500 people will represent the general American population reasonably well.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

229.  Level of education is negatively correlated with increased sexual activity.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

230.  Americans in their 40s have had more sex partners than Americans in their 20s.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

231.  You use the naturalistic observation method every day of your life.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

232.  The naturalistic observation method is the best method for determining the causes of behavior.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

233.  Numerous studies report positive correlations between stress and health.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

234.  Correlational research suggests, but does not show, cause and effect.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

235.  You are less likely to get a divorce if you live together with your future spouse before getting married.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

236.  The FDA requires double-blind drug studies before it allows the marketing of new drugs.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

237.  Teenagers today are writing more than any recent generation

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

238.  People learn better through massed learning rather than distributed learning.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

239.  We learn best when we study no more than one subject per day.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

240.  College graduates earn no more, on average, than high school graduates.

Ans:  False
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

241.  SQ3R is a study method.

Ans:  True
Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

Essay

242.  Explain what psychology is, what psychologists do and how psychology can be helpful in exploring adjustment and growth issues.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  Module 1.1 - Psychology and Adjustment

243.  Define multitasking. Identify and describe the various positive and negative effects of multitasking. Are we better at multitasking some activities than others? Why or why not?
Ans:  

Section Reference:  Module 1.1 - Psychology and Adjustment

244.  Compare and contrast adjustment and personal growth.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  1.1.1 Touchpoints in Our Study of Adjustment

245.  Explain what genes and chromosomes are and what they do. Also discuss why biology is not necessarily destiny.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  1.1.1 Touchpoints in Our Study of Adjustment

246.  Compare and contrast between the clinical and healthy-personality approaches to adjustment.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  1.1.1 Touchpoints in Our Study of Adjustment

247.  Discuss the focus and goals of positive psychology. Briefly explain the three the three fundamental challenges in boosting happiness, and describe at last three techniques for boosting happiness.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  1.1.1 Touchpoints in Our Study of Adjustment

248.  Summarize research findings on what does, or does not, make people happy
Ans:  

Section Reference:  Module 1.1 - Psychology and Adjustment

249.  Define "ethnic group" and discuss why it is important to study human diversity.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  1.2.1 Ethnic Diversity

250.  Define "gender" and discuss the various prejudices experienced by women historically and in scientific research.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  1.2.2 Gender

251.  Explain what critical thinking is and why it is essential to your adjustment.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  Module 1.3 - Critical Thinking and Adjustment

252.  Identify and briefly explain the eight principles of critical thinking.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  1.3.1 Features of Critical Thinking

253.  Show how critical thinking can be used to examine the claims made by supporters of astrology and other pseudosciences.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  1.3.2 Thinking Critically About Astrology and Other Pseudosciences

254.  Explain at least five ways that critical thinking can be used to protect yourself from the false claims made in many self-help books.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  1.3.3 Thinking Critically About Self-Help Books: Are There Any Quick Fixes?

255.  Analyze how critical thinking can help protect people while surfing online.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  Module 1.3 - Critical Thinking and Adjustment

256.  Explain what the scientific method is and describe the various steps involved in it.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  1.4.1 The Scientific Method: Putting Ideas to the Test

257.  Explain and provide some examples of the various sampling bias problems present in scientific research in regard to women.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

258.  Identify and briefly explain the various methods of observation used by psychologists.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

259.  Explain the case study method of research in terms of its purposes and its limitations.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

260.  Describe the survey method of research in terms of its purposes and its limitations.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

261.  Describe the relationship between samples and populations and explain how researchers ensure that their samples represent target populations.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

262.  Describe the naturalistic-observation method of research in terms of its purposes and its limitations.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

263.  Describe the correlational method of research in terms of its purposes and limitations, and explain what a positive correlation, a negative correlation, and a correlation coefficient are.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

264.  Describe the experimental method of research in terms of its purposes and limitations, and explain what control subjects, experimental subjects, and placebo treatments are.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  1.4.2 How Psychologists Do Research

265.  Identify and briefly describe 7 things you can do to become a successful student.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  Module 1.5 - Psychology in Daily Life

266.  Describe the purpose of the SQ3R method and briefly describe each of its steps.
Ans:  

Section Reference:  Module 1.5 - Psychology in Daily Life