Exam
Name___________________________________
 
TRUE/FALSE.  Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 
1) 

International business is any commercial transaction that crosses the borders of two or more nations. 
Answer  

True 

False 
Explanation  
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2) 

Imports are goods and services purchased abroad and brought into a country. 
Answer  

True 

False 
Explanation  
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3) 

Products marketed in all countries essentially without any changes are known as sourced products. 
Answer  

True 

False 
Explanation  
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4) 

The term globalization of production refers to convergence in buyer preferences in markets around the world. 
Answer  

True 

False 
Explanation  
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5) 

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was designed to promote free trade by reducing both tariffs and nontariff barriers to international trade. 
Answer  

True 

False 
Explanation  
Comment  
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6) 

Today, NAFTA is the international organization that enforces the rules of international trade worldwide. 
Answer  

True 

False 
Explanation  
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7) 

The power of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) to settle trade disputes is what sets it apart from its predecessor, the World Trade Organization (WTO). 
Answer  

True 

False 
Explanation  
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8) 

In the World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement system, the WTO has the ability to penalize offending nations. 
Answer  

True 

False 
Explanation  
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9) 

Resistance to worldwide trade agreements is causing some nations to place greater emphasis on regional pacts. 
Answer  

True 

False 
Explanation  
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10) 

Gross national product (GNP) is the value of all goods and services produced by a domestic economy over a one-year period. 
Answer  

True 

False 
Explanation  
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11) 

A country's GDP per capita is its GDP divided by its population. 
Answer  

True 

False 
Explanation  
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12) 

Extranets give distributors and suppliers access to a company's online database to place orders electronically. 
Answer  

True 

False 
Explanation  
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13) 

One commonality among the world's least-global nations is low levels of corruption. 
Answer  

True 

False 
Explanation  
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14) 

The role of the World Bank is to provide financing for national economic development efforts. 
Answer  

True 

False 
Explanation  
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15) 

The rules of the international monetary system are enforced by the World Bank. 
Answer  

True 

False 
Explanation  
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16) 

Critics of globalization argue that it eliminates jobs in developing nations. 
Answer  

True 

False 
Explanation  
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17) 

Pro-globalization economists believe globalization increases wealth in both developed and developing nations. 
Answer  

True 

False 
Explanation  
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18) 

Flexible labor markets allow workers to be redeployed rapidly to sectors of the economy where they are highly valued. 
Answer  

True 

False 
Explanation  
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19) 

Supporters and critics of globalization appear to agree that globalization causes dislocation in labor markets. 
Answer  

True 

False 
Explanation  
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20) 

Critics of globalization believe the overall gains that accrue to national economies are worth the lost livelihoods of some workers. 
Answer  

True 

False 
Explanation  
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21) 

Opponents of globalization argue that it causes a "race to the bottom" in environmental conditions. 
Answer  

True 

False 
Explanation  
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22) 

Research shows that pollution-intensive U.S. companies tend to invest in nations with stricter environmental standards. 
Answer  

True 

False 
Explanation  
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23) 

International firms tend to support reasonable labor and environmental laws to expand future local markets for their businesses. 
Answer  

True 

False 
Explanation  
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24) 

Multinational corporations (MNCs) have direct investments abroad in multiple countries. 
Answer  

True 

False 
Explanation  
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25) 

The revenues of the world's largest businesses are lower in value than the gross domestic products of the smallest nations. 
Answer  

True 

False 
Explanation  
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26) 

A born global firm is a company that engages in international business from or near its inception. 
Answer  

True 

False 
Explanation  
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27) 

Research shows that only large companies can export successfully. 
Answer  

True 

False 
Explanation  
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28) 

Some businesses can become completely immune to events in the international business environment. 
Answer  

True 

False 
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29) 

The world today is experiencing a trend toward more porous national boundaries. 
Answer  

True 

False 
Explanation  
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30) 

It is rare for a business to search for production bases and markets at the same time. 
Answer  

True 

False 
Explanation  
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MULTIPLE CHOICE.  Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 
31) 

All goods and services purchased abroad and brought into a country are called ________. 
A) 

domestic products 
B) 

exports 
C) 

national products 
D) 

imports 
Answer  

D 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 1 

Type MC 

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32) 

Any commercial transaction that crosses the borders of two or more nations is known as ________. 
A) 

an export 
B) 

e-business 
C) 

international business 
D) 

an import 
Answer  

C 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 1 

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33) 

________ are all goods and services sold abroad and sent out of a country. 
A) 

Global products 
B) 

Exports 
C) 

Global licenses 
D) 

Imports 
Answer  

B 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 2 

Type MC 

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34) 

Olive oil made in Italy and sold in the United States is an example of which of the following? 
A) 

Global brand 
B) 

U.S. export 
C) 

U.S. import 
D) 

Standardized product 
Answer  

C 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 2 

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35) 

Levis Jeans made in the United States and sold in Russia are an example of which of the following? 
A) 

U.S. export 
B) 

Outsourced product 
C) 

Globally licensed product 
D) 

U.S. import 
Answer  

A 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
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36) 

The total value of goods and services exported by all nations each year is ________. 
A) 

nearly $15 trillion 
B) 

around $16 billion 
C) 

approximately $9 trillion 
D) 

more than $36 trillion 
Answer  

A 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
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37) 

Which of the following is defined as the use of computer networks to purchase, sell, or exchange products; service customers; and collaborate with partners? 
A) 

E-commerce 
B) 

Intranet 
C) 

International business 
D) 

Extranet 
Answer  

A 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 2 

Type MC 

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38) 

________ is the trend toward greater economic, cultural, political, and technological interdependence among national institutions and economies. 
A) 

International business 
B) 

Denationalization 
C) 

Globalization 
D) 

E-business 
Answer  

C 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
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39) 

Which of the following refers to convergence in buyer preferences in markets around the world? 
A) 

Homogenization of markets 
B) 

Globalization of markets 
C) 

Internationalization of markets 
D) 

Denationalization of markets 
Answer  

B 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 2 

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40) 

Which of the following is most likely not an effect of globalization? 
A) 

Increases in the variety of capital flows across national borders 
B) 

Increases in the economic isolation of developing countries 
C) 

Increases in the rate at which products are diffused worldwide 
D) 

Increases in the volume of cross-border transactions  
Answer  

B 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
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41) 

Denationalization refers to ________. 
A) 

a loss of sovereignty among nations 
B) 

national boundaries becoming less relevant 
C) 

cooperation between nations to reduce trade barriers 
D) 

attempts by international organizations to resolve trade conflicts 
Answer  

B 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 2 

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42) 

Which of the following are products marketed in all countries essentially without any changes? 
A) 

National products 
B) 

Adapted products 
C) 

Global products 
D) 

Locally responsive products 
Answer  

C 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 1 

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43) 

________ is defined as the dispersal of production activities to locations that help a company achieve its cost-minimization or quality-maximization objectives for a good or service. 
A) 

Importing 
B) 

Globalization of production 
C) 

Global strategy development 
D) 

Globalization of markets 
Answer  

B 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 2 

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44) 

Which of the following is an example of the globalization of production? 
A) 

Canadian consumers buy foods imported from Australia 
B) 

A Chinese company sells textiles to European car makers 
C) 

A U.S. company builds a manufacturing facility in India 
D) 

A Swiss watch manufacturer builds a manufacturing facility in Switzerland 
Answer  

C 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 2 

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45) 

Whereas relocating production to low-cost locales traditionally meant production of ________ almost exclusively, it increasingly applies to the production of ________. 
A) 

services; goods 
B) 

imports; exports 
C) 

goods; services 
D) 

domestic products; global brands 
Answer  

C 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
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46) 

Which of the following is an example of a service that a company might produce in a foreign country to benefit from low-cost labor? 
A) 

House cleaning 
B) 

Dental care 
C) 

Appliance repair 
D) 

Research 
Answer  

D 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
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47) 

Two major forces that underlie the expansion of globalization are ________ and ________. 
A) 

deregulation of tourism; the rise of nationalism 
B) 

economic interdependence; the decline of international organizations 
C) 

trade barriers; political unrest 
D) 

falling barriers to trade and investment; technological innovation 
Answer  

D 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 2 

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48) 

The purpose of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was to ________. 
A) 

create an international currency 
B) 

regulate exchange rates 
C) 

create regional trade organizations 
D) 

promote free trade 
Answer  

D 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
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49) 

Taxes levied on traded goods are known as which of the following? 
A) 

Quotas 
B) 

Nontariff barriers 
C) 

Tariffs 
D) 

Export zones 
Answer  

C 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
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50) 

A limit placed on the quantity of an imported product is known as which of the following? 
A) 

Import sanction 
B) 

Tariff 
C) 

Embargo 
D) 

Nontariff barrier 
Answer  

D 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
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51) 

A major flaw of the original General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was that it lacked the power to ________. 
A) 

erect barriers to trade 
B) 

dismantle bilateral trade agreements 
C) 

govern exchange rates 
D) 

enforce world trade rules 
Answer  

D 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
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52) 

Which of the following most likely represents the greatest accomplishment of the 1994 revision of the GATT? 
A) 

Creation of the World Trade Organization 
B) 

Creation of regional trade agreements 
C) 

Creation of the World Bank 
D) 

Creation of the International Monetary Fund 
Answer  

A 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
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53) 

The three main goals of the ________ are to help the free flow of trade, help negotiate the further opening of markets, and settle trade disputes between its members. 
A) 

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 
B) 

World Trade Organization (WTO) 
C) 

World Bank 
D) 

International Monetary Fund (IMF) 
Answer  

B 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
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54) 

All of the following represent examples of regional trade agreements EXCEPT ________. 
A) 

WTO 
B) 

EU 
C) 

APEC 
D) 

NAFTA 
Answer  

A 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
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55) 

The value of all goods and services produced by a country's domestic and international activities over a one-year period is the country's ________. 
A) 

gross domestic product (GDP) 
B) 

trade balance 
C) 

gross national product (GNP) 
D) 

production quotient 
Answer  

C 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 2 

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56) 

________ give distributors and suppliers access to a company's database to place orders or restock inventories electronically and automatically. 
A) 

Intranets 
B) 

Videoconferencing 
C) 

Extranets 
D) 

Hackers 
Answer  

C 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 2 

Type MC 

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57) 

Which of the following countries has a negative average annual GDP growth rate? 
A) 

Japan 
B) 

Germany 
C) 

Ivory Coast 
D) 

Zimbabwe 
Answer  

D 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
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58) 

Which of the following countries has an average annual GDP growth rate of over 5%? 
A) 

United States 
B) 

India 
C) 

Canada 
D) 

France 
Answer  

B 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
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Skill Concept 
Objective Chapter 1-LO2 
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59) 

Each of the following countries has an average annual GDP growth rate larger than that of the U.S. EXCEPT ________. 
A) 

China 
B) 

India 
C) 

Russia 
D) 

Saudi Arabia 
Answer  

D 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 2 

Type MC 

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AACSB Dynamics of the global economy 
Skill Concept 
Objective Chapter 1-LO2 
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60) 

According to the Globalization Index, which of the following nations ranks first as the most globalized nation overall? 
A) 

Japan 
B) 

Singapore 
C) 

China 
D) 

Jordan 
Answer  

B 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 2 

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AACSB Dynamics of the global economy 
Skill Concept 
Objective Chapter 1-LO2 
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61) 

According to the Globalization Index, which of the following is NOT one of the top 10 most globalized nations? 
A) 

Switzerland 
B) 

Canada 
C) 

United States 
D) 

Saudi Arabia 
Answer  

D 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
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AACSB Dynamics of the global economy 
Skill Concept 
Objective Chapter 1-LO2 
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62) 

The world's least global nations account for approximately what percentage of the world's total population? 
A) 

12% 
B) 

36% 
C) 

50% 
D) 

88% 
Answer  

C 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 2 

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AACSB Dynamics of the global economy 
Skill Concept 
Objective Chapter 1-LO2 
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63) 

The first age of globalization extended from ________. 
A) 

the mid-1700s to the 1850s 
B) 

the mid-1800s to the 1920s 
C) 

1920 to 1950 
D) 

1960 to 2000 
Answer  

B 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 1 

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AACSB Dynamics of the global economy 
Skill Concept 
Objective Chapter 1-LO3 
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64) 

The first age of globalization was halted by all of the following EXCEPT ________. 
A) 

the Great Depression 
B) 

the Russian Revolution 
C) 

World War I 
D) 

the Cold War 
Answer  

D 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
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Skill Concept 
Objective Chapter 1-LO3 
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65) 

For 75 years, from the start of the First World War to the end of the Cold War, there was a geographic divide between ________, and an ideological divide between ________. 
A) 

North and South; protectionism and socialism 
B) 

North and South; regionalism and globalization 
C) 

East and West; regionalism and globalization 
D) 

East and West; communism and capitalism 
Answer  

D 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
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AACSB Dynamics of the global economy 
Skill Concept 
Objective Chapter 1-LO3 
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66) 

Which of the following helped launch the second age of globalization? 
A) 

The end of the First World War 
B) 

The end of the Korean War 
C) 

The collapse of the wall separating East and West Berlin 
D) 

The end of the Second World War 
Answer  

C 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 2 

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AACSB Dynamics of the global economy 
Skill Concept 
Objective Chapter 1-LO3 
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67) 

The ________ is an agency created to provide financing for national economic development efforts. 
A) 

International Monetary Fund 
B) 

World Trade Organization 
C) 

European Union 
D) 

World Bank 
Answer  

D 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 2 

Type MC 

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Skill Concept 
Objective Chapter 1-LO3 
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68) 

Which of the following was created to regulate fixed exchange rates and enforce the rules of the international monetary system? 
A) 

International Monetary Fund 
B) 

World Trade Organization 
C) 

European Union 
D) 

World Bank 
Answer  

A 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 1 

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AACSB Dynamics of the global economy 
Skill Concept 
Objective Chapter 1-LO3 
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69) 

The International Monetary Fund serves each of the following purposes EXCEPT ________. 
A) 

promoting international monetary cooperation 
B) 

facilitating balanced growth of international trade 
C) 

encouraging competitive exchange devaluation 
D) 

making financial resources temporarily available to members 
Answer  

C 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
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AACSB Dynamics of the global economy 
Skill Concept 
Objective Chapter 1-LO3 
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70) 

According to the opponents of globalization, which of the following occurs as a result of worker dislocation brought about by globalization? 
A) 

Increased labor costs for companies 
B) 

Gradual lowering of workers' wages 
C) 

Sudden widespread wage decreases 
D) 

Increased investment in individual education 
Answer  

B 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 2 

Type MC 

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AACSB Dynamics of the global economy 
Skill Concept 
Objective Chapter 1-LO3 
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71) 

Which of the following terms is used to refer to widespread job turnover throughout an economy? 
A) 

Redeployment 
B) 

Churning 
C) 

Wage differentials 
D) 

Attrition spectrum 
Answer  

B 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 1 

Type MC 

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AACSB Dynamics of the global economy 
Skill Concept 
Objective Chapter 1-LO3 
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72) 

Trade unions claim that by permitting international firms to continually move to nations with relatively lower labor standards, globalization ________ labor's bargaining power and forces overall labor standards ________. 
A) 

strengthens; to improve 
B) 

slows down; to be re-evaluated 
C) 

reduces; lower 
D) 

increases; higher 
Answer  

C 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 3 

Type MC 

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Var 1 

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AACSB Dynamics of the global economy; Ethical understanding and reasoning abilities 
Skill Concept 
Objective Chapter 1-LO3 
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73) 

A special region in which companies can engage in tariff-free importing and exporting is called a(n) ________. 
A) 

regional economic integration zone (REIZ) 
B) 

U.S. customs zone (USCZ) 
C) 

export-processing zone (EPZ) 
D) 

free trade area (FTA) 
Answer  

C 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 3 

Type MC 

WS 0 

Var 1 

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AACSB Dynamics of the global economy 
Skill Concept 
Objective Chapter 1-LO3 
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74) 

Critics of globalization argue that globalization causes environmental conditions to ________. 
A) 

increase gradually 
B) 

remain at status quo levels 
C) 

decline slightly, then level off 
D) 

decline significantly 
Answer  

D 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 2 

Type MC 

WS 0 

Var 1 

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AACSB Dynamics of the global economy; Ethical understanding and reasoning abilities 
Skill Concept 
Objective Chapter 1-LO3 
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75) 

The three main branches of the debate over income inequality include each of the following EXCEPT ________. 
A) 

inequality within nations 
B) 

inequality in nongovernmental organizations 
C) 

inequality between nations 
D) 

global inequality 
Answer  

B 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 2 

Type MC 

WS 0 

Var 1 

Page Ref 42 
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AACSB Dynamics of the global economy; Ethical understanding and reasoning abilities 
Skill Concept 
Objective Chapter 1-LO3 
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76) 

A business that has direct investments (in the form of marketing or manufacturing subsidiaries) abroad in multiple countries is called a ________. 
A) 

born global firm 
B) 

multinational corporation 
C) 

multiregional company 
D) 

direct exporter 
Answer  

B 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 1 

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AACSB Dynamics of the global economy 
Skill Concept 
Objective Chapter 1-LO4 
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77) 

Which of the following makes the world market more accessible for companies that sell traditional products by lessening the cost and difficulties associated with global communication? 
A) 

Technology 
B) 

Franchising opportunities 
C) 

Licensing 
D) 

Financial capital 
Answer  

A 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 2 

Type MC 

WS 0 

Var 1 

Page Ref 47 
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AACSB Communication abilities; Dynamics of the global economy; Use of information technology 
Skill Concept 
Objective Chapter 1-LO4 
User1  
User2  

 
78) 

Key characteristics of born global firms are an ________ and knowledge-based organizational capabilities. 
A) 

inventive R&D center 
B) 

insular management style 
C) 

integrated global network 
D) 

innovative culture 
Answer  

D 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 2 

Type MC 

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AACSB Dynamics of the global economy 
Skill Concept 
Objective Chapter 1-LO4 
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79) 

The "global business environment" consists of four distinct elements globalization, national business environments, the international business environment, and ________. 
A) 

falling trade and investment barriers 
B) 

international firm management 
C) 

technological innovation 
D) 

multinational corporations 
Answer  

B 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 2 

Type MC 

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Modified On May 14 2011 
AACSB Dynamics of the global economy 
Skill Concept 
Objective Chapter 1-LO5 
User1  
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Scenario Tacky Toys and Mushi Toys
Tacky Toys, a U.S.-based toy retailer, buys all its merchandise from Mushi Toys, a Japan-based toy manufacturer with production facilities in 12 nations. Mushi Toys markets its toys globally without modification.
 
80) 

Tacky Toys buying its merchandise from Mushi Toys is an example of ________. 
A) 

importing 
B) 

bartering 
C) 

exporting 
D) 

globalization 
Answer  

A 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 1 

Type MC 

WS 0 

Var 1 

Page Ref 26 
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Modified On May 14 2011 
AACSB Dynamics of the global economy 
Skill Application 
Objective Chapter 1-LO1 
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81) 

Mushi Toys selling its products to Tacky Toys is an example of ________. 
A) 

importing 
B) 

bartering 
C) 

exporting 
D) 

globalization 
Answer  

C 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 1 

Type MC 

WS 0 

Var 1 

Page Ref 26 
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AACSB Dynamics of the global economy 
Skill Application 
Objective Chapter 1-LO1 
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82) 

The products that Mushi Toys manufactures are examples of ________. 
A) 

global products 
B) 

Internet products 
C) 

value-added exports 
D) 

tangible products 
Answer  

A 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 1 

Type MC 

WS 0 

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AACSB Dynamics of the global economy 
Skill Application 
Objective Chapter 1-LO1 
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83) 

Mushi Toys is an example of a(n) ________. 
A) 

domestic company 
B) 

multinational company 
C) 

direct exporter 
D) 

Internet-based company 
Answer  

B 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 1 

Type MC 

WS 0 

Var 1 

Page Ref 46 
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Modified On May 27 2011 
AACSB Dynamics of the global economy 
Skill Application 
Objective Chapter 1-LO4 
User1  
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Scenario Ciao Manufacturing
The Italian car company, Ciao, has made plans to expand its operations by building a manufacturing facility in a foreign market. Ciao has been very successful selling its small, economical, and stylish cars in Italy and Spain, and firm managers believe that the Ciao cars will be equally profitable in other markets. 
 
84) 

Ciao plans to build a model of car that can be marketed in Italy, Spain, and the new foreign market essentially without any changes. The car would be an example of which of the following? 
A) 

Global product 
B) 

Source product 
C) 

Offshore product 
D) 

Market leader product 
Answer  

A 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 2 

Type MC 

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AACSB Dynamics of the global economy 
Skill Application 
Objective Chapter 1-LO1 
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85) 

In marketing a single car to customers in Italy, Spain, and the new foreign market, which of the following is most likely to help Ciao reduce its marketing costs? 
A) 

Seeking sales growth in a fourth market 
B) 

Creating TV ads in a single language 
C) 

Standardizing certain marketing activities 
D) 

Decentralizing control over its marketing 
Answer  

C 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 2 

Type MC 

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AACSB Dynamics of the global economy 
Skill Application 
Objective Chapter 1-LO1 
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86) 

The decision by Ciao to build a manufacturing facility in a foreign market is an example of which of the following? 
A) 

Globalization of markets 
B) 

Globalization of production 
C) 

Denationalization 
D) 

Standardization 
Answer  

B 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 2 

Type MC 

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AACSB Dynamics of the global economy 
Skill Application 
Objective Chapter 1-LO1 
User1  
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Scenario Acme Software
Acme Software is a U.S.-based company that makes software for the health care industry. Recently Acme has been investigating whether it would be beneficial to sell global products or move some of its production overseas. Acme hires a consulting group to help determine which, if any, globalization activities could promote business growth.
 
87) 

The consulting group identifies two software development companies in India that could provide programming services at a lower cost than Acme's current cost for programming. Which of the following, if true, would most strongly suggest that outsourcing to these software companies would NOT promote Acme's business growth? 
A) 

Indian software developers could provide a high degree of technical expertise for Acme. 
B) 

Software development in the health care industry tends to be more costly than in other industries. 
C) 

Though both companies experience significant employee turnover, product quality does not appear to suffer. 
D) 

Cultural differences in working with the Indian companies would cost more to resolve than any savings gained. 
Answer  

D 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 3 

Type MC 

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Var 1 

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AACSB Dynamics of the global economy; Reflective thinking skills 
Skill Critical Thinking 
Objective Chapter 1-LO1 
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88) 

Which of the following would be most important for the Acme staff to consider when deciding whether to outsource its software development to India in order to lower production costs? 
A) 

Will Acme save money on advertising by targeting Indian Internet users? 
B) 

How intense is the competition from foreign companies in other markets in India? 
C) 

What type of training is received by programmers in the software firms Acme is considering? 
D) 

How successful have Indian companies been at marketing to U.S. customers? 
Answer  

C 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 3 

Type MC 

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Var 1 

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Modified On May 14 2011 
AACSB Dynamics of the global economy; Reflective thinking skills 
Skill Critical Thinking 
Objective Chapter 1-LO1 
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Scenario Jeans, Unlimited
Jeans, Unlimited produces clothing for young adults. It designs its clothes at its New York headquarters and produces them at facilities in two Southeast Asian countries. The company recently received negative press after one of its facilities was found using questionable, albeit legal, labor practices—including employing child labor and operating in a manner that damages the environment.
 
89) 

The facilities that Jeans, Unlimited operates in Southeast Asia are examples of ________. 
A) 

global products 
B) 

international business 
C) 

the globalization of markets 
D) 

the globalization of production 
Answer  

D 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 2 

Type MC 

WS 0 

Var 1 

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AACSB Dynamics of the global economy 
Skill Application 
Objective Chapter 1-LO1 
User1  
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90) 

Which of the following arguments against globalization could most likely be made using Jeans, Unlimited as an example? 
A) 

Globalization is responsible for laying off public sector workers in developed countries. 
B) 

Globalization empowers supranational institutions at the expense of national governments. 
C) 

Globalization causes companies to produce goods in nations with the most lenient labor regulations. 
D) 

Globalization is widening the gap in average incomes between rich and poor nations. 
Answer  

C 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 3 

Type MC 

WS 0 

Var 1 

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AACSB Dynamics of the global economy; Ethical understanding and reasoning abilities; Reflective thinking skills 
Skill Critical Thinking 
Objective Chapter 1-LO3 
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91) 

Jeans, Unlimited has designed a new line of accessories and must build a new facility to produce them. To avoid paying tariffs when importing raw materials for processing and when exporting finished goods, the company should consider locating its assembly plant in a(n) ________. 
A) 

developing country 
B) 

export processing zone 
C) 

tariff-free environment 
D) 

import processing zone 
Answer  

B 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 2 

Type MC 

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AACSB Dynamics of the global economy 
Skill Application 
Objective Chapter 1-LO3 
User1  
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Scenario Donna Bader, Global Executive
Donna Bader is a successful global business executive with 15 years of marketing experience throughout Europe. Donna is participating in a forum designed to prepare young executives for their initial forays into international business.
 
92) 

According to Donna, a key to success in global markets is having detailed knowledge of what international customers want, and ensuring that the company is flexible enough to customize products to meet those needs. Donna is referring to the notion of ________. 
A) 

improving logistics 
B) 

knowing how to analyze a problem 
C) 

emphasizing global awareness 
D) 

knowing the customer 
Answer  

D 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 2 

Type MC 

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Var 1 

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AACSB Dynamics of the global economy; Multicultural and diversity understanding 
Skill Application 
Objective Chapter 1-LO3 
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93) 

Donna believes that to be successful globally a company must design and build products and services for export from the beginning, not as an afterthought following the conquest of domestic markets. Donna is referring to the principle that businesses should ________. 
A) 

know their customers 
B) 

emphasize global awareness 
C) 

monitor global markets 
D) 

market effectively 
Answer  

B 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 3 

Type MC 

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Var 1 

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Modified On May 14 2011 
AACSB Dynamics of the global economy; Multicultural and diversity understanding 
Skill Application 
Objective Chapter 1-LO3 
User1  
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Scenario Globalization Debate
In his international business class, Professor Jang organizes a debate on the societal effects of globalization. Juan Prince takes a position against globalization. He emphasizes how supranational institutions can threaten national sovereignty. He also notes the prevalence of low wages and sweatshop conditions as firms utilize low-cost labor abroad. Juan then describes the detrimental effects of corporate pollution on the environment, and he ends his argument by explaining how market globalization helps homogenize national cultures. Rina Taylor is assigned to counter Juan's position.
 
94) 

Which of the following does Juan most likely cite to support his argument regarding the influence of supranational institutions on national sovereignty? 
A) 

Examples of the United Nations imposing its will on nations 
B) 

The fact that the World Trade Organization is led by elected representatives 
C) 

The political influence of large firms such as Walmart 
D) 

The effect of globalization on the spread of democracy worldwide 
Answer  

A 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 3 

Type MC 

WS 0 

Var 1 

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AACSB Dynamics of the global economy; Reflective thinking skills 
Skill Critical Thinking 
Objective Chapter 1-LO3 
User1  
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95) 

Which of the following most likely supports Rina's argument over Juan's concerning wages and working conditions in developing countries? 
A) 

Some developing countries today still suffer from low economic growth. 
B) 

Some developing countries have experienced significant increases in wages as a result of globalization. 
C) 

The move of one international company to Mexico resulted in 2,700 lost jobs for Americans.  
D) 

Minimum wages should be established at set levels, regardless of the impact on the number of jobs. 
Answer  

B 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 3 

Type MC 

WS 0 

Var 1 

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AACSB Dynamics of the global economy; Reflective thinking skills 
Skill Critical Thinking 
Objective Chapter 1-LO3 
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96) 

Rina most likely counters Juan's claim regarding the environmental effects of globalization by pointing out which of the following? 
A) 

Land preservation is more important than pollution reduction for preserving the environment. 
B) 

China's landscape was permanently altered by the construction of the Three Gorges Dam. 
C) 

Pollution-intensive U.S. firms tend to invest in countries with stricter environmental standards.. 
D) 

Attempts at foreign cultural imperialism are often blocked by national governments. 
Answer  

C 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 3 

Type MC 

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Var 1 

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AACSB Dynamics of the global economy; Reflective thinking skills 
Skill Critical Thinking 
Objective Chapter 1-LO3 
User1  
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97) 

Which of the following most likely supports Rina's argument over Juan's concerning the homogenization of national cultures? 
A) 

Many countries specialize in producing the goods and services they can produce most efficiently. 
B) 

Globalization tends to shift not just superficial aspects of culture, but deeply held beliefs as well. 
C) 

Material goods such as cell phones and computers are found in most homes throughout the world. 
D) 

In most industries, domestic operation alone cannot sustain competitive business growth. 
Answer  

A 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 3 

Type MC 

WS 0 

Var 1 

Page Ref 44-45 
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Modified On May 14 2011 
AACSB Dynamics of the global economy; Reflective thinking skills 
Skill Critical Thinking 
Objective Chapter 1-LO3 
User1  
User2  

 
Scenario Sabrina's Spices & Sauces
Last year, Sabrina Shin started a business selling all types of spices and hot sauces. The business is small but this entrepreneur's dreams are big. Given limited demand and sales fluctuations in the domestic market, Sabrina has been considering going international. Yet she has little information, many doubts, and no guidance.
 
98) 

Which of the following can help Sabrina reach consumers in different corners of the world quickly and inexpensively? 
A) 

Intranet 
B) 

Extranet 
C) 

GPS 
D) 

Internet 
Answer  

D 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 1 

Type MC 

WS 0 

Var 1 

Page Ref 33 
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AACSB Communication abilities; Dynamics of the global economy; Use of information technology 
Skill Application 
Objective Chapter 1-LO2 
User1  
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99) 

If you were to advise Sabrina on the myths versus facts of exporting, which of the following would you say is a fact? 
A) 

Only large companies can export successfully. 
B) 

Sabrina's products do not need export licensing. 
C) 

Small businesses have no place to turn for export advice. 
D) 

There is no export financing available for Sabrina's business. 
Answer  

B 
Explanation  

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
Comment  
Diff 2 

Type MC 

WS 0 

Var 1 

Page Ref 47 
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Modified On May 14 2011 
AACSB Dynamics of the global economy 
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100) 

If Sabrina needs $500,000 to expand her business internationally, which of the following organizations might be her best bet? 
A) 

Export-Import Bank 
B) 

World Trade Organization 
C) 

Small Business Administration 
D) 

International Monetary Fund 
Answer  

C 
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A) 
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D) 
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SHORT ANSWER.  Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 
101) 

Goods and services sold abroad and sent out of a country are called ________. 
Answer  

exports 
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102) 

The term ________ refers to national boundaries becoming less relevant. 
Answer  

denationalization 
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103) 

The term ________ refers to entities cooperating across national boundaries. 
Answer  

internationalization 
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104) 

Companies that sell global products can reduce costs by ________ certain marketing activities. 
Answer  

standardizing 
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105) 

Makers of global seasonal products may supplement domestic sales with ________ to level their income streams. 
Answer  

international sales 
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106) 

________ refers to the dispersal of production activities to locations that help a company achieve its cost-minimization or quality-maximization objectives for a good or service. 
Answer  

Globalization of production 
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107) 

The quest for ________ draws many companies into international markets. 
Answer  

natural resources 
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108) 

The two main forces that underlie the globalization of markets and production are ________ and technological innovation. 
Answer  

falling barriers to trade and investment 
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109) 

________ is the sum of all individual nations' gross domestic product (GDP) figures. 
Answer  

World GDP 
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110) 

________ is the value of all goods and services produced by a country's domestic and international activities over a one-year period. 
Answer  

Gross national product (GNP) 
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111) 

The Globalization Index comprises a compilation of over a dozen variables within four categories, including political engagement, ________, personal contact, and economic integration. 
Answer  

technological connectivity 
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112) 

Drivers of the first age of globalization (from the mid-1800s to the 1920s) included the steamship, telegraph, railroad, and later, the ________ and airplane. 
Answer  

telephone 
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113) 

________ are special areas in which companies engage in tariff-free importing and exporting. 
Answer  

Export-processing zones (EPZs) 
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114) 

The three main branches of the debate over income inequality are inequality within nations, inequality between nations, and ________. 
Answer  

global inequality 
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115) 

________ involves the idea that a nation-state (1) is autonomous; (2) can freely select its government; (3) cannot intervene in the affairs of other nations; (4) can control movements across its borders; and (5) can enter into binding international agreements. 
Answer  

National sovereignty 
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116) 

National ________ is a strong shaper of a people's values, attitudes, customs, beliefs, and communication styles. 
Answer  

culture 
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117) 

________ allows countries to specialize in producing goods and services in which they are most efficient. 
Answer  

Trade 
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118) 

Largely because of advances in ________, small and medium-sized companies are accounting for a greater portion of international business. 
Answer  

technology 
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119) 

The rise of a new international entity called the ________ suggests that any firm, regardless of age, experience, and resources, can engage in international business. 
Answer  

born global firm 
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120) 

The four elements comprising the "global business environment" include ________, national business environments, the international business environment, and international firm management. 
Answer  

globalization 
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ESSAY.  Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 
121) 

Define international business and explain how it affects each of us in our daily activities. 
Answer  

International business is any commercial transaction that crosses the borders of two or more nations. In our daily activities, we encounter terms such as outsourcing, emerging markets, competitive advantage, sustainability, and social responsibility. Each of us experiences the result of dozens of international transactions every day. A quick glance at the "Made in" tags on our jacket, backpack, watch, wallet, or other items will demonstrate the pervasiveness of international business transactions. 
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122) 

Define imports and exports and explain the main ways in which they differ. 
Answer  

Imports are goods and services purchased abroad and brought into a country. Exports are goods and services sold abroad and sent out of a country. 
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123) 

Define e-business (e-commerce) and explain how it helps companies conduct international business. 
Answer  

E-business (e-commerce) is the use of computer networks to purchase, sell, or exchange products; service customers; and collaborate with partners. E-business is making it easier for companies to make their products abroad, not simply import and export finished goods. 
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124) 

Define globalization and identify its main characteristics. 
Answer  

Globalization is the trend toward greater economic, cultural, political, and technological interdependence among national institutions and economies. Globalization is a trend characterized by denationalization (national boundaries becoming less relevant) and is different from internationalization (entities cooperating across national boundaries). The greater interdependence that globalization is causing means an increasingly freer flow of goods, services, money, people, and ideas across national borders. 
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125) 

Summarize each benefit a company might obtain from the globalization of markets. 
Answer  

The globalization of markets refers to convergence in buyer preferences in markets around the world.

The benefits of the globalization of markets for companies include

1. Reduces marketing costs. Companies that sell global products can reduce costs by standardizing certain marketing activities. A company selling a global consumer good can make an identical product for the global market and then simply design different packaging to account for the language spoken in each market. Companies can achieve further cost savings by keeping an ad's visual component the same for all markets but dubbing TV ads and translating print ads into local languages.

2. Creates new market opportunities. A company that sells a global product can explore opportunities abroad if the home market is small or becomes saturated. Seeking sales growth abroad can be absolutely essential for an entrepreneur or small company that sells a global product but has a limited home market. 

3. Levels uneven income streams. A company that sells a product with universal, but seasonal, appeal can use international sales to level its income stream. By supplementing domestic sales with international sales, the company can reduce or eliminate wide variations in sales between seasons and steady its cash flow.  
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126) 

How might a company benefit from the globalization of production? 
Answer  

The globalization of production refers to the dispersal of production activities to locations that help a company achieve its cost-minimization or quality-maximization objectives for a good or service. This includes the sourcing of key production inputs (such as raw materials or products for assembly) as well as the international outsourcing of services.

The globalization of production can benefit companies through the following ways

1. Access to lower cost workers. Global production activities allow companies to reduce overall production costs through access to low-cost labor. For decades, companies located their factories in low-wage nations to churn out all kinds of goods, including toys, small appliances, inexpensive electronics, and textiles. Yet whereas moving production to low-cost locales traditionally meant production of goods almost exclusively, it increasingly applies to the production of services such as accounting and research. Many European and U.S. businesses have moved their customer service and other nonessential operations to places as far away as India to slash costs by as much as 60 percent.

2. Access technical expertise. Companies also produce goods and services abroad to benefit from technical know-how. 

3. Access production inputs. Globalization of production allows companies to access resources that are unavailable or more costly at home. The quest for natural resources draws many companies into international markets. 
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127) 

Describe the process of globalization and explain the two forces causing globalization to increase. 
Answer  

Globalization is the trend toward greater economic, cultural, political, and technological interdependence among national institutions and economies. Globalization is a trend characterized by denationalization (national boundaries becoming less relevant) and is different from internationalization (entities cooperating across national boundaries). The greater interdependence that globalization is causing means an increasingly freer flow of goods, services, money, people, and ideas across national borders.

Two main forces underlie the globalization of markets and production falling barriers to trade and investment and technological innovation.

1. Falling barriers to trade and investment. In 1947, political leaders of 23 nations (12 developed and 11 developing economies) made history when they created the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)—a treaty designed to promote free trade by reducing both tariffs and nontariff barriers to international trade. Tariffs are essentially taxes levied on traded goods, and nontariff barriers are limits on the quantity of an imported product. The treaty was successful in its early years. After four decades, world merchandise trade had grown 20 times larger, and average tariffs had fallen from 40 percent to 5 percent. Significant progress occurred again with a 1994 revision of the GATT treaty. Nations that had signed on to the treaty further reduced average tariffs on merchandise trade and lowered subsidies (government financial support) for agricultural products. The treaty's revision also clearly defined intellectual property rights—giving protection to copyrights (including computer programs, databases, sound recordings, and films), trademarks and service marks, and patents (including trade secrets and know-how). A major flaw of the original GATT was that it lacked the power to enforce world trade rules. Likely the greatest accomplishment of the 1994 revision was the creation of the World Trade Organization.

2. Technological innovation. Although falling barriers to trade and investment encourage globalization, technological innovation is accelerating its pace. Significant advancements in information technology and transportation methods are making it easier, faster, and less costly to move data, goods, and equipment around the world. Important technological innovations include e-mail, videoconferencing, the Internet, the World Wide Web, corporate intranets and extranets, and advancements in transportation technologies (including GPS and RFID). 
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128) 

Describe the two major forces that drive globalization and how they work together to expand globalization. 
Answer  

Two main forces underlie the globalization of markets and production falling barriers to trade and investment and technological innovation. These two features are increasing competition among nations by leveling the global business playing field. Greater competition is simultaneously driving companies worldwide into more direct confrontation and cooperation. Local industries once isolated by time and distance are increasingly accessible to large international companies based many thousands of miles away. Some small and medium-sized local firms are compelled to cooperate with one another or with larger international firms to remain competitive. Other local businesses revitalize themselves in a bold attempt to survive the competitive onslaught. And on a global scale, consolidation is occurring in many industries as former competitors link up to challenge others on a worldwide basis. 
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129) 

Identify the World Trade Organization's (WTO) three main goals and explain how the WTO differs from the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). 
Answer  

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the international organization that enforces the rules of international trade. The three main goals of the WTO are to help the free flow of trade, help negotiate the further opening of markets, and settle trade disputes among its members. It is the power of the WTO to settle trade disputes that really sets it apart from its predecessor, the GATT. The various WTO agreements are essentially contracts between member nations that commit them to maintaining fair and open trade policies. Offenders must realign their trade policies according to WTO guidelines or face fines and, perhaps, trade sanctions (penalties). Because of its ability to penalize offending nations, the WTO's dispute settlement system truly is the spine of the global trading system. The WTO replaced the institution of GATT but absorbed all of the former GATT agreements. Thus, the GATT institution no longer officially exists. 
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130) 

Explain how technological innovation impacts globalization and how it is accelerating the process. 
Answer  

Significant advancements in information technology and transportation methods are making it easier, faster, and less costly to move data, goods, and equipment around the world. 

1. E-mail and videoconferencing Operating across borders and time zones complicates the job of coordinating and controlling business activities. But technology can speed the flow of information and ease the tasks of coordination and control. Electronic mail (e-mail) is an indispensable tool that managers use to stay in contact with international operations and to respond quickly to important matters. Videoconferencing allows managers in different locations to meet in virtual face-to-face meetings. Primary reasons for 25 to 30 percent annual growth in videoconferencing include lower-cost bandwidth (communication channels) used to transmit information, lower-cost equipment, and the rising cost of travel for businesses. Videoconferencing  equipment can cost as little as $5,000 and as much as $340,000. A company that does not require ongoing videoconferencing can pay even less by renting the facilities and equipment of a local conference center.

2. Internet and World Wide Web Companies use the Internet to quickly and cheaply contact managers in distant locations, for example, to inquire about production runs, revise sales strategies, and check on distribution bottlenecks. They also use the Internet to achieve longer term goals, such as sharpen their forecasting, lower their inventories, and improve communication with suppliers. The lower cost of reaching an international customer base especially benefits small firms, which were among the first to use the Web as a global marketing tool. Further gains arise from the ability of the Internet to cut postproduction costs by decreasing the number of intermediaries a product passes through on its way to the customer. Eliminating intermediaries greatly benefits online sellers of books, music, and travel services, among others.

3. Company intranets and extranets Internal company Web sites and information networks (intranets) give employees access to company data using personal computers. Extranets give distributors and suppliers access to a company's database to place orders or restock inventories electronically and automatically. These networks permit international companies (along with their suppliers and buyers) to respond to internal and external conditions more quickly and more appropriately.

4. Advancements in transportation technologies Retailers worldwide rely on imports to stock their storerooms with finished goods and to supply factories with raw materials and intermediate products. Innovation in the shipping industry is helping globalize markets and production by making shipping more efficient and dependable. In the past, a cargo ship would sit in port up to 10 days while it was unloaded one pallet at a time. But because cargo today is loaded onto a ship in 20- and 40-foot containers that are quickly unloaded onto railcars or truck chassis at the final destination, a 700-foot cargo ship is routinely unloaded in just 15 hours. Operation of cargo ships is now simpler and safer due to computerized charts that pinpoint a ship's movements on the high seas using Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites. Combining GPS with radio frequency identification (RFID) technology allows continuous monitoring of individual containers from port of departure to destination. RFID can tell whether a container's doors are opened and closed on its journey and can monitor the temperature inside refrigerated containers. 
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131) 

What factors help make some countries more global than others? Identify several highly global nations. 
Answer  

Several factors help to make some countries more global than others. 

1. Economic integration. Trade, foreign direct investment, portfolio capital flows, and investment income.

2. Personal contact. International travel and tourism, international telephone traffic, remittances, and personal transfers (including compensation to employees).

3. Technological connectivity. Internet users, Internet hosts, and secure servers.

4. Political engagement. Memberships in international organizations, personnel and financial contributions to U.N. Security Council missions, international treaties ratified, and governmental transfers.

The top ten highly global nations are Singapore, Hong Kong, Netherlands, Switzerland, Ireland, Denmark, United States, Canada, Jordan, and Estonia. 
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132) 

One argument in the debate surrounding globalization is about the inequality between nations. Discuss the major points of the inequality between nations argument and describe how falling barriers to trade and investment might help reduce the inequality between nations. 
Answer  

The inequality between nations debate questions the widening gap in average incomes between rich and poor nations. If we compare average incomes in high-income countries with average incomes in middle- and low-income nations, we do find a widening gap. But averages conceal differences between nations. On closer inspection, it appears the gap between rich and poor nations is not occurring everywhere one group of poor nations is closing the gap with rich economies, while a second group of poor countries is falling further behind. For example, China is narrowing the income gap between itself and the United States as measured by GDP per capita, but the gap between Africa and the United States is widening. China's progress is no doubt a result of its integration with the world economy and annual economic growth rates of around 9 percent. Another emerging market, India, is also narrowing its income gap with the United States by embracing globalization. Developing countries that embrace globalization are increasing personal incomes, extending life expectancies, and improving education systems. In addition, post-communist countries that welcomed world trade and investment experienced high growth rates in GDP per capita. But nations that remain closed off from the world economy have performed far worse.

Falling barriers to trade and investment may help reduce the inequality between nations by leveling the global business playing field. Specifically, the WTO launched a new round of negotiations in Doha, Qatar, in late 2001. The renewed negotiations were designed to lower trade barriers further and to help poor nations in particular. Agricultural subsidies that rich countries pay to their own farmers are worth $1 billion per day—more than six times the value of their combined aid budgets to poor nations. Because 70 percent of poor nations' exports are agricultural products and textiles, wealthy nations had intended to further open these and other labor-intensive industries. Poor nations were encouraged to reduce tariffs among themselves and were to receive help in integrating themselves into the global trading system. Although the Doha round was to conclude by the end of 2004, negotiations are proceeding more slowly than was anticipated. 
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133) 

How does this current period of globalization compare with the first age of globalization? 
Answer  

The first age of globalization extended from the mid-1800s to the 1920s.  In those days, labor was highly mobile, with 300,000 people leaving Europe each year in the 1800s and 1 million people leaving each year after 1900. Other than in wartime, nations did not even require passports for international travel before 1914. And like today, workers in wealthy nations back then feared competition for jobs from high- and low-wage countries.

Trade and capital flowed more freely than ever during that first age of globalization. Huge companies from wealthy nations built facilities in distant lands to extract raw materials and produce all sorts of goods. Large cargo ships plied the seas to deliver their manufactures to distant markets. The transatlantic cable (completed in 1866) allowed news between Europe and the United States to travel faster than ever before. The drivers of that first age of globalization included the steamship, telegraph, railroad, and, later, the telephone and airplane.

Although it took until the 1990s for international capital flows, in absolute terms, to recover to levels seen prior to the First World War, the global economy had finally been reborn. Lowering the cost of telecommunications and binding our world more tightly together are the drivers of this second age of globalization—communication satellites, fiber optics, microchips, and the Internet. 
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134) 

Compare and contrast the purposes of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. 
Answer  

The World Bank is an agency created to provide financing for national economic development efforts. The initial purpose of the World Bank was to finance European reconstruction following the Second World War. It later shifted its focus to the general financial needs of developing countries, and today it finances many economic development projects in Africa, South America, and Southeast Asia.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an agency created to regulate fixed exchange rates and enforce the rules of the international monetary system. Today, the IMF has 185 member countries. Some of the purposes of the IMF include promoting international monetary cooperation; facilitating expansion and balanced growth of international trade; avoiding competitive exchange devaluation; and making financial resources temporarily available to members. 
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135) 

Globalization's impact on jobs and wages is an important topic for debate. Discuss the major points for globalization in the jobs and wages debate, and describe how the actions of large multinational corporations affect the issues in the jobs and wages debate. 
Answer  

Supporters of globalization credit it with improving standards of living and making possible new ways of life. They argue that globalization increases wealth and efficiency in all nations, generates labor market flexibility in developed nations, and advances the economies of developing nations.

1. Increases Wealth and Efficiency in all Nations. Some economists believe globalization increases wealth and efficiency in both developed and developing nations. Globalization supporters argue that openness to international trade (the ratio of trade to national output) increases national production (by increasing efficiency) and raises per capita income (by passing savings on to consumers). For instance, by squeezing inefficiencies out of the retail supply chain, powerful global retailers help restrain inflation and boost productivity. Some economists predict that removing all remaining barriers to free trade would significantly boost worldwide income and greatly benefit developing nations.

2. Generates Labor Market Flexibility in Developed Nations. Globalization supporters believe globalization creates positive benefits by generating labor market flexibility in developed nations. It is claimed that benefits derive from worker dislocation, or "churning" as it is called when there is widespread job turnover throughout an economy. Flexible labor markets allow workers to be redeployed rapidly to sectors of the economy where they are highly valued and in demand. This also allows employees, particularly young workers, to change jobs easily with few negative effects. For instance, a young person can gain experience and skills with an initial employer and then move to a different job that provides a better match between employee and employer.

3. Advances Economies of Developing Nations. Those in favor of globalization argue that globalization and international outsourcing help to advance developing nations' economies.

A multinational corporation (MNC) is a business that has direct investments (in the form of marketing or manufacturing subsidiaries) abroad in multiple countries. The actions of multinationals affect the issues in the jobs and wages debate because these companies generate significant jobs, investment, and tax revenue for the regions and nations they enter. Likewise, they can leave thousands of people out of work when they close or scale back operations. Mergers and acquisitions between multinationals are commonly worth billions of dollars and increasingly involve companies based in emerging markets. Some companies have more employees than many of the smallest countries and island nations have citizens. Walmart has 2,055,000 employees—the most of any company. We see the enormous economic clout of multinational corporations when we compare the revenues of the Global 500 ranking of companies to the value of goods and services that countries generate. If Walmart were a country, it would weigh in as a rich nation and rank just below Switzerland. 
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136) 

Explain how technological innovation has benefitted entrepreneurs. 
Answer  

Technological innovation is accelerating the pace of globalization. Significant advancements in information technology and transportation methods are making it easier, faster, and less costly to move data, goods, and equipment around the world. Important technological advances include e-mail, videoconferencing, the Internet and the World Wide Web, company intranets and extranets, and advancements in transportation technologies (including GPS and RFID).

Entrepreneurs and small businesses have benefitted from these technological innovations because in this age of globalization, small companies are increasingly active in international trade and investment. Companies are exporting earlier and growing faster, often with help from technology. Whereas traditional distribution channels often gave only large companies access to distant markets, electronic distribution is a cheap and effective alternative for small businesses that sell digitized products. Small companies that sell traditional products also benefit from technology that lowers the cost and difficulties of global communication. 
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137) 

Why are entrepreneurs and small companies increasingly active in international trade and investment? 
Answer  

In this age of globalization, small companies are increasingly active in international trade and investment. Companies are exporting earlier and growing faster, often with help from technology. Whereas traditional distribution channels often gave only large companies access to distant markets, electronic distribution is a cheap and effective alternative for small businesses that sell digitized products. Small companies that sell traditional products also benefit from technology that lowers the cost and difficulties of global communication. 
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138) 

What are several myths that keep small companies from engaging in exporting and the facts that dispel these myths? 
Answer  

Myth 1 Only large companies can export successfully.
Fact Most exporters are small and medium-sized enterprises with fewer than 50 employees. Exporting can reduce the dependency of small firms on domestic markets and can help them avoid seasonal sales fluctuations. A product popular domestically, or perhaps even unsuccessful at home, may be wanted elsewhere in the global market.

Myth 2 Small businesses can find little export advice.
Fact Novice and experienced exporters alike can receive comprehensive export assistance from federal agencies (www.export.gov). International trade specialists can help small businesses locate and use federal, state, local, and private-sector programs. They are also an excellent source of market research, trade leads, financing, and trade events.

Myth 3 Licensing requirements needed to export are too complicated. 
Fact Most products do not need export licenses. Exporters need only to write "NLR" for "no license required" on their Shipper's Export Declaration. A license is generally needed only for high-tech or defense-related goods or when the receiving country is under a U.S. embargo or other restriction.

Myth 4 Small businesses cannot obtain export financing. 
Fact The Small Business Administration and the Export-Import Bank work together in lending money to small businesses. Whereas the SBA is responsible for loan requests below $750,000, the Ex-Im Bank handles transactions over $750,000. The Trade and Development Agency also helps small and medium-sized firms obtain financing for international projects. 
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139) 

Describe key characteristics of a born global firm, and explain why a born global firm would be attuned to international firm management. 
Answer  

Globalization has given rise to a new international entity, the born global firm—a company that adopts a global perspective and engages in international business from or near its inception. Key characteristics of born global firms are an innovative culture and knowledge-based organizational capabilities. Although these firms first appeared in nations having small domestic markets, today they arise from all major trading nations. Remarkably, many of these companies rise to the status of international competitor in less than three years. Perhaps the extreme example of a born global firm is one that reaches out to customers around the world solely through the Internet.

A born global firm would be attuned to international firm management because managing a global company is vastly different from managing a purely domestic business. Companies must abide by the rules in every market in which they choose to operate. Therefore, the context of international business management is defined by the characteristics of national business environments. Because of widely dispersed production and marketing activities today, firms commonly interact with people in distant locations within the international business environment. Finally, managers and their firms are compelled to be knowledgeable about the nations in which they operate because of the integrating power of globalization. Businesses should try to anticipate events and forces that can affect their operations by closely monitoring globalization, national business environments, and the international business environment. 
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140) 

Explain globalization of production and include its benefits. Why should a company study international firm management if its leadership commits to globalization of production? 
Answer  

Globalization of production refers to the dispersal of production activities to locations that help a company achieve its cost-minimization or quality-maximization objectives for a good or service. This includes the sourcing of key production inputs (such as raw materials or products for assembly) as well as the international outsourcing of services.

Benefits to companies for the globalization of production include
1. ACCESS TO LOWER-COST WORKERS. Global production activities allow companies to reduce overall production costs through access to low-cost labor. For decades, companies located their factories in low-wage nations to churn out all kinds of goods, including toys, small appliances, inexpensive electronics, and textiles. Yet whereas moving production to low-cost locales traditionally meant production of goods almost exclusively, it increasingly applies to the production of services such as accounting and research. Although most services must be produced where they are consumed, some services can be performed at remote locations where labor costs are lower. Many European and U.S. businesses have moved their customer service and other nonessential operations to places as far away as India to slash costs by as much as 60 percent.

2. ACCESS TO TECHNICAL EXPERTISE. Companies also produce goods and services abroad to benefit from technical know-how.

3. ACCESS TO PRODUCTION INPUTS. Globalization of production allows companies to access resources that are unavailable or more costly at home. The quest for natural resources draws many companies into international markets.

If a company commits to the globalization of production, its leadership should study international firm management because this management arena is vastly different from managing a purely domestic business. Companies must abide by the rules in every market in which they choose to operate. Therefore, the context of international business management is defined by the characteristics of national business environments. Because of widely dispersed production and marketing activities today, firms commonly interact with people in distant locations within the international business environment. Finally, managers and their firms are compelled to be knowledgeable about the nations in which they operate because of the integrating power of globalization. Businesses should try to anticipate events and forces that can affect their operations by closely monitoring globalization, national business environments, and the international business environment. 
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141) 

Explain the globalization of markets, and describe how a company might work within an international business environment to take advantage of the globalization of markets. 
Answer  

Globalization of markets refers to convergence in buyer preferences in markets around the world. This trend is occurring in many product categories, including consumer goods, industrial products, and business services. Global products are products marketed in all countries essentially without any changes. The globalization of markets is important to international business because of the benefits it offers companies. 

To take advantage of the globalization of markets, a company must operate within an international business environment. The international business environment influences how firms conduct their operations in both subtle and not-so-subtle ways. No business is entirely immune to events in the international business environment, as evidenced by the long-term trend toward more porous national borders. The drivers of globalization are causing the flows of trade, investment, and capital to grow and become more entwined—often causing firms to search simultaneously for production bases and new markets. Companies today must keep their finger on the pulse of the international business environment to see how it may affect their business activities. 
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142) 

Describe the "global business environment" model and each of its four elements. 
Answer  

International business is special because it occurs within a dynamic, integrated system that weaves together four distinct elements

1. The forces of globalization Globalization is a potent force transforming our societies and commercial activities in countless ways. In this way, the drivers of globalization (technological innovation and falling trade and investment barriers) influence every aspect of the global business environment. The dynamic nature of globalization also creates increasing competition for all firms everywhere, as managers begin to see the entire world as an opportunity. At home and abroad, firms must remain vigilant to the fundamental societal and commercial changes that globalization is causing.

2. The international business environment The international business environment influences how firms conduct their operations in both subtle and not-so-subtle ways. No business is entirely immune to events in the international business environment, as evidenced by the long-term trend toward more porous national borders. The drivers of globalization are causing the flows of trade, investment, and capital to grow and become more entwined—often causing firms to search simultaneously for production bases and new markets. Companies today must keep their finger on the pulse of the international business environment to see how it may affect their business activities.

3. Many national business environments Each national business environment is composed of unique cultural, political, legal, and economic characteristics that define business activity within that nation's borders. This set of national characteristics can differ greatly from country to country. But, as nations open up and embrace globalization, their business environments are being transformed. Globalization can cause powerful synergies and enormous tensions to arise within and across various elements of a society. Company managers must be attentive to such nuances, adapting their products and practices as needed.

4. International firm management International firm management is vastly different from managing a purely domestic business. Companies must abide by the rules in every market in which they choose to operate. Therefore, the context of international business management is defined by the characteristics of national business environments. Because of widely dispersed production and marketing activities today, firms commonly interact with people in distant locations within the international business environment. Finally, managers and their firms are compelled to be knowledgeable about the nations in which they operate because of the integrating power of globalization. Businesses should try to anticipate events and forces that can affect their operations by closely monitoring globalization, national business environments, and the international business environment. 
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101) 

exports 

102) 

denationalization 

103) 

internationalization 

104) 

standardizing 

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international sales 

106) 

Globalization of production 

107) 

natural resources 

108) 

falling barriers to trade and investment 

109) 

World GDP 

110) 

Gross national product (GNP) 

111) 

technological connectivity 

112) 

telephone 

113) 

Export-processing zones (EPZs) 

114) 

global inequality 

115) 

National sovereignty 

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culture 

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Trade 

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technology 

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born global firm 

120) 

globalization 

121) 

International business is any commercial transaction that crosses the borders of two or more nations. In our daily activities, we encounter terms such as outsourcing, emerging markets, competitive advantage, sustainability, and social responsibility. Each of us experiences the result of dozens of international transactions every day. A quick glance at the "Made in" tags on our jacket, backpack, watch, wallet, or other items will demonstrate the pervasiveness of international business transactions. 

122) 

Imports are goods and services purchased abroad and brought into a country. Exports are goods and services sold abroad and sent out of a country. 

123) 

E-business (e-commerce) is the use of computer networks to purchase, sell, or exchange products; service customers; and collaborate with partners. E-business is making it easier for companies to make their products abroad, not simply import and export finished goods. 

124) 

Globalization is the trend toward greater economic, cultural, political, and technological interdependence among national institutions and economies. Globalization is a trend characterized by denationalization (national boundaries becoming less relevant) and is different from internationalization (entities cooperating across national boundaries). The greater interdependence that globalization is causing means an increasingly freer flow of goods, services, money, people, and ideas across national borders. 

125) 

The globalization of markets refers to convergence in buyer preferences in markets around the world.

The benefits of the globalization of markets for companies include

1. Reduces marketing costs. Companies that sell global products can reduce costs by standardizing certain marketing activities. A company selling a global consumer good can make an identical product for the global market and then simply design different packaging to account for the language spoken in each market. Companies can achieve further cost savings by keeping an ad's visual component the same for all markets but dubbing TV ads and translating print ads into local languages.

2. Creates new market opportunities. A company that sells a global product can explore opportunities abroad if the home market is small or becomes saturated. Seeking sales growth abroad can be absolutely essential for an entrepreneur or small company that sells a global product but has a limited home market. 

3. Levels uneven income streams. A company that sells a product with universal, but seasonal, appeal can use international sales to level its income stream. By supplementing domestic sales with international sales, the company can reduce or eliminate wide variations in sales between seasons and steady its cash flow.  

126) 

The globalization of production refers to the dispersal of production activities to locations that help a company achieve its cost-minimization or quality-maximization objectives for a good or service. This includes the sourcing of key production inputs (such as raw materials or products for assembly) as well as the international outsourcing of services.

The globalization of production can benefit companies through the following ways

1. Access to lower cost workers. Global production activities allow companies to reduce overall production costs through access to low-cost labor. For decades, companies located their factories in low-wage nations to churn out all kinds of goods, including toys, small appliances, inexpensive electronics, and textiles. Yet whereas moving production to low-cost locales traditionally meant production of goods almost exclusively, it increasingly applies to the production of services such as accounting and research. Many European and U.S. businesses have moved their customer service and other nonessential operations to places as far away as India to slash costs by as much as 60 percent.

2. Access technical expertise. Companies also produce goods and services abroad to benefit from technical know-how. 

3. Access production inputs. Globalization of production allows companies to access resources that are unavailable or more costly at home. The quest for natural resources draws many companies into international markets. 

127) 

Globalization is the trend toward greater economic, cultural, political, and technological interdependence among national institutions and economies. Globalization is a trend characterized by denationalization (national boundaries becoming less relevant) and is different from internationalization (entities cooperating across national boundaries). The greater interdependence that globalization is causing means an increasingly freer flow of goods, services, money, people, and ideas across national borders.

Two main forces underlie the globalization of markets and production falling barriers to trade and investment and technological innovation.

1. Falling barriers to trade and investment. In 1947, political leaders of 23 nations (12 developed and 11 developing economies) made history when they created the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)—a treaty designed to promote free trade by reducing both tariffs and nontariff barriers to international trade. Tariffs are essentially taxes levied on traded goods, and nontariff barriers are limits on the quantity of an imported product. The treaty was successful in its early years. After four decades, world merchandise trade had grown 20 times larger, and average tariffs had fallen from 40 percent to 5 percent. Significant progress occurred again with a 1994 revision of the GATT treaty. Nations that had signed on to the treaty further reduced average tariffs on merchandise trade and lowered subsidies (government financial support) for agricultural products. The treaty's revision also clearly defined intellectual property rights—giving protection to copyrights (including computer programs, databases, sound recordings, and films), trademarks and service marks, and patents (including trade secrets and know-how). A major flaw of the original GATT was that it lacked the power to enforce world trade rules. Likely the greatest accomplishment of the 1994 revision was the creation of the World Trade Organization.

2. Technological innovation. Although falling barriers to trade and investment encourage globalization, technological innovation is accelerating its pace. Significant advancements in information technology and transportation methods are making it easier, faster, and less costly to move data, goods, and equipment around the world. Important technological innovations include e-mail, videoconferencing, the Internet, the World Wide Web, corporate intranets and extranets, and advancements in transportation technologies (including GPS and RFID). 

128) 

Two main forces underlie the globalization of markets and production falling barriers to trade and investment and technological innovation. These two features are increasing competition among nations by leveling the global business playing field. Greater competition is simultaneously driving companies worldwide into more direct confrontation and cooperation. Local industries once isolated by time and distance are increasingly accessible to large international companies based many thousands of miles away. Some small and medium-sized local firms are compelled to cooperate with one another or with larger international firms to remain competitive. Other local businesses revitalize themselves in a bold attempt to survive the competitive onslaught. And on a global scale, consolidation is occurring in many industries as former competitors link up to challenge others on a worldwide basis. 

129) 

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the international organization that enforces the rules of international trade. The three main goals of the WTO are to help the free flow of trade, help negotiate the further opening of markets, and settle trade disputes among its members. It is the power of the WTO to settle trade disputes that really sets it apart from its predecessor, the GATT. The various WTO agreements are essentially contracts between member nations that commit them to maintaining fair and open trade policies. Offenders must realign their trade policies according to WTO guidelines or face fines and, perhaps, trade sanctions (penalties). Because of its ability to penalize offending nations, the WTO's dispute settlement system truly is the spine of the global trading system. The WTO replaced the institution of GATT but absorbed all of the former GATT agreements. Thus, the GATT institution no longer officially exists. 

130) 

Significant advancements in information technology and transportation methods are making it easier, faster, and less costly to move data, goods, and equipment around the world. 

1. E-mail and videoconferencing Operating across borders and time zones complicates the job of coordinating and controlling business activities. But technology can speed the flow of information and ease the tasks of coordination and control. Electronic mail (e-mail) is an indispensable tool that managers use to stay in contact with international operations and to respond quickly to important matters. Videoconferencing allows managers in different locations to meet in virtual face-to-face meetings. Primary reasons for 25 to 30 percent annual growth in videoconferencing include lower-cost bandwidth (communication channels) used to transmit information, lower-cost equipment, and the rising cost of travel for businesses. Videoconferencing  equipment can cost as little as $5,000 and as much as $340,000. A company that does not require ongoing videoconferencing can pay even less by renting the facilities and equipment of a local conference center.

2. Internet and World Wide Web Companies use the Internet to quickly and cheaply contact managers in distant locations, for example, to inquire about production runs, revise sales strategies, and check on distribution bottlenecks. They also use the Internet to achieve longer term goals, such as sharpen their forecasting, lower their inventories, and improve communication with suppliers. The lower cost of reaching an international customer base especially benefits small firms, which were among the first to use the Web as a global marketing tool. Further gains arise from the ability of the Internet to cut postproduction costs by decreasing the number of intermediaries a product passes through on its way to the customer. Eliminating intermediaries greatly benefits online sellers of books, music, and travel services, among others.

3. Company intranets and extranets Internal company Web sites and information networks (intranets) give employees access to company data using personal computers. Extranets give distributors and suppliers access to a company's database to place orders or restock inventories electronically and automatically. These networks permit international companies (along with their suppliers and buyers) to respond to internal and external conditions more quickly and more appropriately.

4. Advancements in transportation technologies Retailers worldwide rely on imports to stock their storerooms with finished goods and to supply factories with raw materials and intermediate products. Innovation in the shipping industry is helping globalize markets and production by making shipping more efficient and dependable. In the past, a cargo ship would sit in port up to 10 days while it was unloaded one pallet at a time. But because cargo today is loaded onto a ship in 20- and 40-foot containers that are quickly unloaded onto railcars or truck chassis at the final destination, a 700-foot cargo ship is routinely unloaded in just 15 hours. Operation of cargo ships is now simpler and safer due to computerized charts that pinpoint a ship's movements on the high seas using Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites. Combining GPS with radio frequency identification (RFID) technology allows continuous monitoring of individual containers from port of departure to destination. RFID can tell whether a container's doors are opened and closed on its journey and can monitor the temperature inside refrigerated containers. 

131) 

Several factors help to make some countries more global than others. 

1. Economic integration. Trade, foreign direct investment, portfolio capital flows, and investment income.

2. Personal contact. International travel and tourism, international telephone traffic, remittances, and personal transfers (including compensation to employees).

3. Technological connectivity. Internet users, Internet hosts, and secure servers.

4. Political engagement. Memberships in international organizations, personnel and financial contributions to U.N. Security Council missions, international treaties ratified, and governmental transfers.

The top ten highly global nations are Singapore, Hong Kong, Netherlands, Switzerland, Ireland, Denmark, United States, Canada, Jordan, and Estonia. 

132) 

The inequality between nations debate questions the widening gap in average incomes between rich and poor nations. If we compare average incomes in high-income countries with average incomes in middle- and low-income nations, we do find a widening gap. But averages conceal differences between nations. On closer inspection, it appears the gap between rich and poor nations is not occurring everywhere one group of poor nations is closing the gap with rich economies, while a second group of poor countries is falling further behind. For example, China is narrowing the income gap between itself and the United States as measured by GDP per capita, but the gap between Africa and the United States is widening. China's progress is no doubt a result of its integration with the world economy and annual economic growth rates of around 9 percent. Another emerging market, India, is also narrowing its income gap with the United States by embracing globalization. Developing countries that embrace globalization are increasing personal incomes, extending life expectancies, and improving education systems. In addition, post-communist countries that welcomed world trade and investment experienced high growth rates in GDP per capita. But nations that remain closed off from the world economy have performed far worse.

Falling barriers to trade and investment may help reduce the inequality between nations by leveling the global business playing field. Specifically, the WTO launched a new round of negotiations in Doha, Qatar, in late 2001. The renewed negotiations were designed to lower trade barriers further and to help poor nations in particular. Agricultural subsidies that rich countries pay to their own farmers are worth $1 billion per day—more than six times the value of their combined aid budgets to poor nations. Because 70 percent of poor nations' exports are agricultural products and textiles, wealthy nations had intended to further open these and other labor-intensive industries. Poor nations were encouraged to reduce tariffs among themselves and were to receive help in integrating themselves into the global trading system. Although the Doha round was to conclude by the end of 2004, negotiations are proceeding more slowly than was anticipated. 

133) 

The first age of globalization extended from the mid-1800s to the 1920s.  In those days, labor was highly mobile, with 300,000 people leaving Europe each year in the 1800s and 1 million people leaving each year after 1900. Other than in wartime, nations did not even require passports for international travel before 1914. And like today, workers in wealthy nations back then feared competition for jobs from high- and low-wage countries.

Trade and capital flowed more freely than ever during that first age of globalization. Huge companies from wealthy nations built facilities in distant lands to extract raw materials and produce all sorts of goods. Large cargo ships plied the seas to deliver their manufactures to distant markets. The transatlantic cable (completed in 1866) allowed news between Europe and the United States to travel faster than ever before. The drivers of that first age of globalization included the steamship, telegraph, railroad, and, later, the telephone and airplane.

Although it took until the 1990s for international capital flows, in absolute terms, to recover to levels seen prior to the First World War, the global economy had finally been reborn. Lowering the cost of telecommunications and binding our world more tightly together are the drivers of this second age of globalization—communication satellites, fiber optics, microchips, and the Internet. 

134) 

The World Bank is an agency created to provide financing for national economic development efforts. The initial purpose of the World Bank was to finance European reconstruction following the Second World War. It later shifted its focus to the general financial needs of developing countries, and today it finances many economic development projects in Africa, South America, and Southeast Asia.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an agency created to regulate fixed exchange rates and enforce the rules of the international monetary system. Today, the IMF has 185 member countries. Some of the purposes of the IMF include promoting international monetary cooperation; facilitating expansion and balanced growth of international trade; avoiding competitive exchange devaluation; and making financial resources temporarily available to members. 

135) 

Supporters of globalization credit it with improving standards of living and making possible new ways of life. They argue that globalization increases wealth and efficiency in all nations, generates labor market flexibility in developed nations, and advances the economies of developing nations.

1. Increases Wealth and Efficiency in all Nations. Some economists believe globalization increases wealth and efficiency in both developed and developing nations. Globalization supporters argue that openness to international trade (the ratio of trade to national output) increases national production (by increasing efficiency) and raises per capita income (by passing savings on to consumers). For instance, by squeezing inefficiencies out of the retail supply chain, powerful global retailers help restrain inflation and boost productivity. Some economists predict that removing all remaining barriers to free trade would significantly boost worldwide income and greatly benefit developing nations.

2. Generates Labor Market Flexibility in Developed Nations. Globalization supporters believe globalization creates positive benefits by generating labor market flexibility in developed nations. It is claimed that benefits derive from worker dislocation, or "churning" as it is called when there is widespread job turnover throughout an economy. Flexible labor markets allow workers to be redeployed rapidly to sectors of the economy where they are highly valued and in demand. This also allows employees, particularly young workers, to change jobs easily with few negative effects. For instance, a young person can gain experience and skills with an initial employer and then move to a different job that provides a better match between employee and employer.

3. Advances Economies of Developing Nations. Those in favor of globalization argue that globalization and international outsourcing help to advance developing nations' economies.

A multinational corporation (MNC) is a business that has direct investments (in the form of marketing or manufacturing subsidiaries) abroad in multiple countries. The actions of multinationals affect the issues in the jobs and wages debate because these companies generate significant jobs, investment, and tax revenue for the regions and nations they enter. Likewise, they can leave thousands of people out of work when they close or scale back operations. Mergers and acquisitions between multinationals are commonly worth billions of dollars and increasingly involve companies based in emerging markets. Some companies have more employees than many of the smallest countries and island nations have citizens. Walmart has 2,055,000 employees—the most of any company. We see the enormous economic clout of multinational corporations when we compare the revenues of the Global 500 ranking of companies to the value of goods and services that countries generate. If Walmart were a country, it would weigh in as a rich nation and rank just below Switzerland. 

136) 

Technological innovation is accelerating the pace of globalization. Significant advancements in information technology and transportation methods are making it easier, faster, and less costly to move data, goods, and equipment around the world. Important technological advances include e-mail, videoconferencing, the Internet and the World Wide Web, company intranets and extranets, and advancements in transportation technologies (including GPS and RFID).

Entrepreneurs and small businesses have benefitted from these technological innovations because in this age of globalization, small companies are increasingly active in international trade and investment. Companies are exporting earlier and growing faster, often with help from technology. Whereas traditional distribution channels often gave only large companies access to distant markets, electronic distribution is a cheap and effective alternative for small businesses that sell digitized products. Small companies that sell traditional products also benefit from technology that lowers the cost and difficulties of global communication. 

137) 

In this age of globalization, small companies are increasingly active in international trade and investment. Companies are exporting earlier and growing faster, often with help from technology. Whereas traditional distribution channels often gave only large companies access to distant markets, electronic distribution is a cheap and effective alternative for small businesses that sell digitized products. Small companies that sell traditional products also benefit from technology that lowers the cost and difficulties of global communication. 

138) 

Myth 1 Only large companies can export successfully.
Fact Most exporters are small and medium-sized enterprises with fewer than 50 employees. Exporting can reduce the dependency of small firms on domestic markets and can help them avoid seasonal sales fluctuations. A product popular domestically, or perhaps even unsuccessful at home, may be wanted elsewhere in the global market.

Myth 2 Small businesses can find little export advice.
Fact Novice and experienced exporters alike can receive comprehensive export assistance from federal agencies (www.export.gov). International trade specialists can help small businesses locate and use federal, state, local, and private-sector programs. They are also an excellent source of market research, trade leads, financing, and trade events.

Myth 3 Licensing requirements needed to export are too complicated. 
Fact Most products do not need export licenses. Exporters need only to write "NLR" for "no license required" on their Shipper's Export Declaration. A license is generally needed only for high-tech or defense-related goods or when the receiving country is under a U.S. embargo or other restriction.

Myth 4 Small businesses cannot obtain export financing. 
Fact The Small Business Administration and the Export-Import Bank work together in lending money to small businesses. Whereas the SBA is responsible for loan requests below $750,000, the Ex-Im Bank handles transactions over $750,000. The Trade and Development Agency also helps small and medium-sized firms obtain financing for international projects. 

139) 

Globalization has given rise to a new international entity, the born global firm—a company that adopts a global perspective and engages in international business from or near its inception. Key characteristics of born global firms are an innovative culture and knowledge-based organizational capabilities. Although these firms first appeared in nations having small domestic markets, today they arise from all major trading nations. Remarkably, many of these companies rise to the status of international competitor in less than three years. Perhaps the extreme example of a born global firm is one that reaches out to customers around the world solely through the Internet.

A born global firm would be attuned to international firm management because managing a global company is vastly different from managing a purely domestic business. Companies must abide by the rules in every market in which they choose to operate. Therefore, the context of international business management is defined by the characteristics of national business environments. Because of widely dispersed production and marketing activities today, firms commonly interact with people in distant locations within the international business environment. Finally, managers and their firms are compelled to be knowledgeable about the nations in which they operate because of the integrating power of globalization. Businesses should try to anticipate events and forces that can affect their operations by closely monitoring globalization, national business environments, and the international business environment. 

140) 

Globalization of production refers to the dispersal of production activities to locations that help a company achieve its cost-minimization or quality-maximization objectives for a good or service. This includes the sourcing of key production inputs (such as raw materials or products for assembly) as well as the international outsourcing of services.

Benefits to companies for the globalization of production include
1. ACCESS TO LOWER-COST WORKERS. Global production activities allow companies to reduce overall production costs through access to low-cost labor. For decades, companies located their factories in low-wage nations to churn out all kinds of goods, including toys, small appliances, inexpensive electronics, and textiles. Yet whereas moving production to low-cost locales traditionally meant production of goods almost exclusively, it increasingly applies to the production of services such as accounting and research. Although most services must be produced where they are consumed, some services can be performed at remote locations where labor costs are lower. Many European and U.S. businesses have moved their customer service and other nonessential operations to places as far away as India to slash costs by as much as 60 percent.

2. ACCESS TO TECHNICAL EXPERTISE. Companies also produce goods and services abroad to benefit from technical know-how.

3. ACCESS TO PRODUCTION INPUTS. Globalization of production allows companies to access resources that are unavailable or more costly at home. The quest for natural resources draws many companies into international markets.

If a company commits to the globalization of production, its leadership should study international firm management because this management arena is vastly different from managing a purely domestic business. Companies must abide by the rules in every market in which they choose to operate. Therefore, the context of international business management is defined by the characteristics of national business environments. Because of widely dispersed production and marketing activities today, firms commonly interact with people in distant locations within the international business environment. Finally, managers and their firms are compelled to be knowledgeable about the nations in which they operate because of the integrating power of globalization. Businesses should try to anticipate events and forces that can affect their operations by closely monitoring globalization, national business environments, and the international business environment. 

141) 

Globalization of markets refers to convergence in buyer preferences in markets around the world. This trend is occurring in many product categories, including consumer goods, industrial products, and business services. Global products are products marketed in all countries essentially without any changes. The globalization of markets is important to international business because of the benefits it offers companies. 

To take advantage of the globalization of markets, a company must operate within an international business environment. The international business environment influences how firms conduct their operations in both subtle and not-so-subtle ways. No business is entirely immune to events in the international business environment, as evidenced by the long-term trend toward more porous national borders. The drivers of globalization are causing the flows of trade, investment, and capital to grow and become more entwined—often causing firms to search simultaneously for production bases and new markets. Companies today must keep their finger on the pulse of the international business environment to see how it may affect their business activities. 

142) 

International business is special because it occurs within a dynamic, integrated system that weaves together four distinct elements

1. The forces of globalization Globalization is a potent force transforming our societies and commercial activities in countless ways. In this way, the drivers of globalization (technological innovation and falling trade and investment barriers) influence every aspect of the global business environment. The dynamic nature of globalization also creates increasing competition for all firms everywhere, as managers begin to see the entire world as an opportunity. At home and abroad, firms must remain vigilant to the fundamental societal and commercial changes that globalization is causing.

2. The international business environment The international business environment influences how firms conduct their operations in both subtle and not-so-subtle ways. No business is entirely immune to events in the international business environment, as evidenced by the long-term trend toward more porous national borders. The drivers of globalization are causing the flows of trade, investment, and capital to grow and become more entwined—often causing firms to search simultaneously for production bases and new markets. Companies today must keep their finger on the pulse of the international business environment to see how it may affect their business activities.

3. Many national business environments Each national business environment is composed of unique cultural, political, legal, and economic characteristics that define business activity within that nation's borders. This set of national characteristics can differ greatly from country to country. But, as nations open up and embrace globalization, their business environments are being transformed. Globalization can cause powerful synergies and enormous tensions to arise within and across various elements of a society. Company managers must be attentive to such nuances, adapting their products and practices as needed.

4. International firm management International firm management is vastly different from managing a purely domestic business. Companies must abide by the rules in every market in which they choose to operate. Therefore, the context of international business management is defined by the characteristics of national business environments. Because of widely dispersed production and marketing activities today, firms commonly interact with people in distant locations within the international business environment. Finally, managers and their firms are compelled to be knowledgeable about the nations in which they operate because of the integrating power of globalization. Businesses should try to anticipate events and forces that can affect their operations by closely monitoring globalization, national business environments, and the international business environment.